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Carvalho FG, Duarte L, Seger GDS, Nakamura G, Guillermo-Ferreira R, Cordero-Rivera A, Juen L. Detecting Darwinian Shortfalls in the Amazonian Odonata. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:404-412. [PMID: 35575876 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Among the oldest winged insects, odonates are a monophyletic order that have become important models for ecological studies because of their highly diverse reproductive behaviors and their role as top predators and bioindicators. However, knowledge on evolutionary relationships within the order is still scarce compared to other taxa, and this situation is even more complicated in areas with high biodiversity, such as in the Amazon. Here, we sought to identify knowledge gaps on Amazonian Odonata regarding three main aspects: (i) how the inclusion of Amazonian taxa affects our interpretation of the evolutionary relationships of Zygoptera and Anisoptera; (ii) the position of Amazonian taxa in the existing supertree of the Odonata; (iii) dating evolutionary divergence between nodes using fossil records; (iv) assessing whether more species-rich basins (e.g., Amazon basin) have a larger phylogenetic gap when compared to basins with lower richness in South and Central America; and (v) in the light of our knowledge, we discuss diversification patterns found in the most predominant clades of Amazonian taxa. We built a supertree from currently available phylogenetic information of Odonata. The results show that there is no genetic information for 85% (n: 503) of the Amazonian species and that family level relationships are unknown for 17 genera. After compiling the data, we observed that clades belonging to Neotropical lineages are the most poorly resolved, with large polytomies. This problem was identified in many Anisoptera genera, such as Macrothemis, Dasythemis, Elasmothemis, and Erythrodiplax. Our results also suggest that not always the richest basins have the greatest phylogenetic gaps. As expected, we found important gaps in the existing Odonata phylogenies, especially in clades that include Amazonian representatives, that are also those less known from ecological and conservation perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Geraldo Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Univ Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
- Lab de Ecologia Filogenética E Funcional, Depto de Ecologia, Univ Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Do Pantanal, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Duarte
- Lab de Ecologia Filogenética E Funcional, Depto de Ecologia, Univ Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Dubal Santos Seger
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos E Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Depto Interdisciplinar, Univ Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, Imbé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira
- Lestes Lab, Dept of Biological Sciences, Federal Univ of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Juen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Univ Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Novelo-Gutirrez R, Gmez-Anaya JA. Description of the larva of Argia cuprea (Hagen, 1861) with notes on its phylogenetic affinities (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Zootaxa 2021; 5057:137-145. [PMID: 34811199 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The larva of Argia cuprea (Hagen, 1861) is described and figured. It falls into the group of Argia larvae with prominent ligula and one palpal seta, but it differs from its closest relatives by a combination of features such as male gonapophyses reaching posterior ventral margin of S10; dorsal and ventral margin of paraproct with long, abundant, white, delicate setae on distal 0.40; tip of paraproct 20% its total length; lateral surface of paraproct with abundant spiniform setae restricted to the triangular, yellowish-brown, slightly sclerotized area along the inflated area. It appears closely related to A. oenea Hagen in Selys, 1865 and A. orichalcea Hagen in Selys, 1865 larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Novelo-Gutirrez
- Instituto de Ecologa, A.C. Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemtica. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz, MEXICO..
| | - Jos Antonio Gmez-Anaya
- Instituto de Ecologa, A.C. Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemtica. Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz, MEXICO..
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Changes of Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Diversity of Odonata (Insecta) in Response to Land Use in Amazonia. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12081061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in natural habitats for human use can alter the distribution of biodiversity, favoring species that are more tolerant to environmental disturbance. Usually, these species comprise clades of habitat generalists, which have biological mechanisms to colonize environments with different environmental conditions. However, such effects are still poorly understood for most biological groups, such as the Amazon odonates. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of land use along an environmental gradient on the phylogenetic and taxonomic diversity of Odonata in the Amazon. We tested the following hypotheses: In deforested areas (e.g., pasture for cattle, palm plantation, and logging), the Odonata community will be more taxonomically and phylogenetically impoverished than in forested areas. We assume that the modification of the natural habitat causes loss of specialist forest species and favors specialist species of open areas and/or habitat generalists. Data sampling was performed in 195 streams under different land-use types: livestock areas, palm monoculture, timber exploitation, and forest areas taken as reference sites. Our results showed that anthropogenic impacts affected the phylogenetic diversity of odonates and the increase in shrub vegetation was related to the increase in the phylogenetic diversity of communities. On the other hand, shrub vegetation is indicative of disturbed areas, where secondary vegetation predominates, with less canopy cover due to the absence or discontinuity of the native tree cover in these habitats. Nonetheless, species richness and abundance were not related to the effects of anthropogenic land use. Finally, our results suggest that the phylogenetic diversity of Amazonian odonates is related to riparian vegetation structure.
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Kelly CD, Stoehr AM, Nunn C, Smyth KN, Prokop ZM. Sexual dimorphism in immunity across animals: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1885-1894. [PMID: 30288910 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In animals, sex differences in immunity are proposed to shape variation in infection prevalence and intensity among individuals in a population, with females typically expected to exhibit superior immunity due to life-history trade-offs. We performed a systematic meta-analysis to investigate the magnitude and direction of sex differences in immunity and to identify factors that shape sex-biased immunocompetence. In addition to considering taxonomic and methodological effects as moderators, we assessed age-related effects, which are predicted to occur if sex differences in immunity are due to sex-specific resource allocation trade-offs with reproduction. In a meta-analysis of 584 effects from 124 studies, we found that females exhibit a significantly stronger immune response than do males, but the effect size is relatively small, and became non-significant after controlling for phylogeny. Female-biased immunity was more pronounced in adult than immature animals. More recently published studies did not report significantly smaller effect sizes. Among taxonomic and methodological subsets of the data, some of the largest effect sizes were in insects, further supporting previous suggestions that testosterone is not the only potential driver of sex differences in immunity. Our findings challenge the notion of pervasive biases towards female-biased immunity and the role of testosterone in driving these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint D Kelly
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andrew M Stoehr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Charles Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kendra N Smyth
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,University Program in Ecology, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zofia M Prokop
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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