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Osamede Airouyuwa J, Sivapragasam N, Ali Redha A, Maqsood S. Sustainable green extraction of anthocyanins and carotenoids using deep eutectic solvents (DES): A review of recent developments. Food Chem 2024; 448:139061. [PMID: 38537550 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been extensively researched as a more biocompatible and efficient alternative to conventional solvents for extracting pigments from natural resources. The efficiency of DES extraction for the anthocyanin and carotenoid can be enhanced by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and/or ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques. Apart from the extraction efficiency, the toxicity and recovery of the pigments and their bioavailability are crucial for potential applications. A plethora of studies have explored the extraction efficiency, toxicity, and recovery of pigments from various natural plant-based matrices using DES. Nevertheless, a detailed review of the deep eutectic solvent extraction of natural pigments has not been reported to date. Additionally, the toxicity, safety, and bioavailability of the extracted pigments, and their potential applications are not thoroughly documented. Therefore, this review is designed to understand the aforementioned concepts in using DES for anthocyanin and carotenoid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Osamede Airouyuwa
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nilushni Sivapragasam
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Ali Redha
- The Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Energy and Water Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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Ruggieri F, Maggi MA, Rossi M, Consonni R. Comprehensive Extraction and Chemical Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Tepals of Crocus sativus L. Molecules 2023; 28:5976. [PMID: 37630227 PMCID: PMC10458886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. is largely cultivated because it is the source of saffron, a well-appreciated and valued spice, not only for its culinary use but also because of its significant biological activities. Stigmas are the main product obtained from flowers, but in addition, tepals, largely considered a waste product, represent a big source of flavonoids and anthocyanins. This study aimed to delve into the phytochemical composition of saffron tepals and investigate whether the composition was influenced by the extraction technique while investigating the main analytical techniques most suitable for the characterization of tepal extracts. The research focuses on flavonoids, a class of secondary metabolites, and their health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Flavonoids occur as aglycones and glycosides and are classified into various classes, such as flavones, flavonols, and flavanones. The most abundant flavonoids in tepals are kaempferol glycosides, followed by quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosides. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the potential uses of tepals as a source of bioactive compounds and their applications in various fields, promoting a circular and sustainable economy in saffron cultivation and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Ruggieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Maria Anna Maggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Michela Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.R.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Roberto Consonni
- National Research Council, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta” (SCITEC), Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Feng XS. Anthocyanins in Different Food Matrices: Recent Updates on Extraction, Purification and Analysis Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-32. [PMID: 36045567 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2116556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ANCs), a kind of natural pigments, are widely present in food substrates. Evidence has shown that ANCs can promote health in terms of anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammation. However, the oxidative stability of ANCs limits accurate quantitation and analysis. Therefore, faster, more accurate, and highly sensitive extraction and determination methods are necessary for understanding the role of ANCs in medicine and food. This review presents an updated overview of pretreatment and detection techniques for ANCs in various food substrates since 2015. Liquid-liquid extraction and various green solvent extraction methods, such as accelerated solvents extraction, deep eutectic solvents extraction, ionic liquids extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, are commonly used pretreatment methods for extraction and purification of ANCs. Liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors (tandem mass spectrometry and UV detectors) and spectrophotometry methods are some of the determination methods for ANC. This study has updated, compared, and discussed different pretreatment and analysis methods. Moreover, the advanced methods and development prospects in this field are comprehensively summarized, which can provide references for further utilization of ANCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Ahmadi A, Shahidi SA, Safari R, Motamedzadegan A, Ghorbani-HasanSaraei A. Evaluation of stability and antibacterial properties of extracted chlorophyll from alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.). Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112980. [PMID: 35378206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to the evaluation of stability and antibacterial properties of the extracted chlorophyll from alfalfa. For this purpose, chlorophylls a and b from alfalfa were extracted by enzymatic and ultrasound methods. The results show that the content of chlorophyll a in alfalfa is higher than chlorophyll b and also the enzymatic method demonstrates higher yield in chlorophyll extraction. In the present study, the chlorophyll stability was evaluated in different conditions including temperature (-18, 4 and 25 °C), time (15, 30 and 45 days), pH (4.5 and 5.5) and NaCl concentration (50, 100 and 150mM). Also, antibacterial effects were investigated at different concentrations of chlorophyll (20, 40, 60 and 100μM) against some bactriaes by agar disk diffusion and microdilution (MIC and MBC) methods. The results demonstrate that 50 mM of NaCl, temperature -18 °C, pH = 4.5 and time15 days are associated with the highest chlorophyll a and b contents. Furthermore, the resistance of bacterias in agar disk diffusion and microdilution methods observe Listeria < Staphylococcus < Salmonella < Escherichia < Pseudomonas and Listeria<(Staphylococcus = Escherichia = Salmonella)<Pseudomonas, respectively. Also, there are significant differences between different chlorophyll concentrations against Listeria and Staphylococcus in evaluation of inhibition effects of total extracted chlorophyll (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ahmadi
- Food Science and Technology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.
| | - Seyed-Ahmad Shahidi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran.
| | - Reza Safari
- Caspian Sea Ecology Research Center (CSERC), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sari, P.O. Box 961, Iran.
| | - Ali Motamedzadegan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
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He Y, Hu X, Zhang H, Chen X, Sun H. Adjuvant effect of two polysaccharides from the petals of Crocus sativus and its mechanisms. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:50-61. [PMID: 35122804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two polysaccharides from Crocus sativus petals (PCSPs), PCSPA and PCSPB, presented immunopotentiatory activity through activating macrophages via MAPK and NF-κB pathway. In this study, two PCSPs were investigated for the adjuvant effects and underlying mechanisms using ovalbumin (OVA) in mice. PCSPA and PCSPB remarkably not only boosted the OVA-specific IgG antibody and its isotype titers, but strengthened splenocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activities in immunized mice. Both PCSPs also dramatically triggered the production of Th1- and Th2-cytokines and facilitated the gene expression of Th1- and Th2-cytokines and transcription factors in OVA-stimulated splenocytes. In mechanisms, two PCSPs rapidly elicited the gene and protein expression of cytokines and chemokines, promoted the recruitment and antigen uptake of immune cells in the injected-muscles, and augmented the migration and antigen transport of immune cells to the draining lymph nodes. These findings demonstrated that PCSPs enhanced and improved immune responses and simultaneously elicited Th1- and Th2-immune responses to OVA through activating innate immune microenvironment, and that they could act as promising vaccine adjuvant candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an 237012, China
| | - Xiaoying Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Stelluti S, Caser M, Demasi S, Scariot V. Sustainable Processing of Floral Bio-Residues of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) for Valuable Biorefinery Products. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030523. [PMID: 33799549 PMCID: PMC8001949 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tepals constitute the most abundant bio-residues of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). As they are a natural source of polyphenols with antioxidant properties, they could be processed to generate valuable biorefinery products for applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, becoming a new source of income while reducing bio-waste. Proper storage of by-products is important in biorefining and dehydration is widely used in the herb sector, especially for highly perishable harvested flowers. This study aimed to deepen the phytochemical composition of dried saffron tepals and to investigate whether this was influenced by the extraction technique. In particular, the conventional maceration was compared with the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), using different solvents (water and three methanol concentrations, i.e., 20%, 50%, and 80%). Compared to the spice, the dried saffron tepals showed a lower content of total phenolics (average value 1127.94 ± 32.34 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW) and anthocyanins (up to 413.30 ± 137.16 mg G3G 100 g−1 DW), but a higher antioxidant activity, which was measured through the FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assays. The HPLC-DAD analysis detected some phenolic compounds (i.e., ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin) not previously found in fresh saffron tepals. Vitamin C, already discovered in the spice, was interestingly detected also in dried tepals. Regarding the extraction technique, in most cases, UAE with safer solvents (i.e., water or low percentage of methanol) showed results of phenolic compounds and vitamin C similar to maceration, allowing an improvement in extractions by halving the time. Thus, this study demonstrated that saffron tepals can be dried maintaining their quality and that green extractions can be adopted to obtain high yields of valuable antioxidant phytochemicals, meeting the requirement for a sustainable biorefining.
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He Y, Peng H, Zhang H, Liu Y, Sun H. Structural characteristics and immunopotentiation activity of two polysaccharides from the petal of Crocus sativus. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:129-142. [PMID: 33676979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current experiments were designed to explore the structural features and immunopotentiation activity of two homogeneous polysaccharides PCSPA and PCSPB prepared from Crocus sativus petals using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G200 column chromatography. The structures of PCSPA and PCSPB were systematically characterized using extensive chemical and spectroscopic methods including colorimetry, HPGPC-RID, GC-MS, Smith degradations, methylation, solvolytic desulfation, UV, FT-IR, NMR, SEM, and AFM. The average molecular weights of PCSPA and PCSPB were 1.98 × 106 and 2.53 × 106 Da, respectively. PCSPA consisted of Gal, Rha, Ara, and Xyl in the molar ratio of 16:5:7:3, while PCSPB were composed of Gal, Glc, Man, Rha, Ara, and Xyl with molar ratio of 16:2:7:19:15:16. Both polysaccharides contained sulfonic and acetyl groups. PCSPA and PCSPB significantly activated RAW264.7 cells by enhancing the phagocytic activity, up-regulating the expression of surface molecules, promoting the production and mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines via MAPK and NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Haoxuan Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Medical College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Abbasvali M, Ranaei A, Shekarforoush SS, Moshtaghi H. The Effects of Aqueous and Alcoholic Saffron (Crocus sativus) Tepal Extracts on Quality and Shelf-Life of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopeneous vannamei) During Iced Storage. J FOOD QUALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfq.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abbasvali
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahrekord University; Shahrekord Iran
| | - Afshin Ranaei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahrekord University; Shahrekord Iran
| | | | - Hamdollah Moshtaghi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Shahrekord University; Shahrekord Iran
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