Antioxidant property of synbiotic combination of Lactobacillus sp. and wheat bran xylo-oligosaccharides

Metabolomic analysis reveals Ligilactobacillus salivarius CCFM 1266 fermentation improves dairy product quality

Previous studies have demonstrated that Ligilactobacillus salivarius CCFM 1266 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and the capability to synthesize niacin. This study aimed to investigate the fermentative abilities of L. salivarius CCFM 1266 in fermented milk. Metabonomic analysis revealed that fermentation by L. salivarius CCFM 1266 altered volatile flavor compounds and metabolite profiles, including heptanal, nonanal, and increased niacin production. Genomic investigations confirmed that L. salivarius CCFM 1266 possess essential genes for the metabolism of fructose and mannose, affirming its proficiency in utilizing fructooligosaccharides and mannan oligosaccharides. The addition of fructooligosaccharides and mannan oligosaccharides during the fermentation process significantly facilitated the proliferation of L. salivarius CCFM 1266 in fermented milk, with growth exceeding 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. This intervention not only augmented the microbial density but also modified the metabolite composition of fermented milk, resulting in an elevated presence of advantageous flavor compounds such as nonanal, 2,3-pentanedione, and 3-methyl-2-butanone. However, its influence on improving the texture of fermented milk was observed to be minimal. Co-fermentation of L. salivarius CCFM 1266 with commercial fermentation starters indicated that L. salivarius CCFM 1266 was compatible, similarly altering metabolite composition and increasing niacin content in fermented milk. In summary, the findings suggest that L. salivarius CCFM 1266 holds substantial promise as an adjunctive fermentation starter, capable of enhancing the nutritional diversity of fermented milk products.

Production of Xylooligosaccharide from Cassava Pulp’s Waste by Endo-β-1,4-D-Xylanase and Characterization of Its Prebiotic Effect by Fermentation of Lactobacillus acidophilus

This study explores the production of prebiotic xylooligosaccharide (XOS) from cassava pulp waste and its effectiveness for the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). We successfully produced and characterized XOS from cassava pulp xylan using a Bacillus sp. endo-β-1,4-D-xylanase. The XOS was added to modify the MRS medium (MRSm) in various concentrations (0, 1, 3 and 5%) in which the L. acidophilus was inoculated. The growth of L. acidophilus was observed every 12 h for 2 days, and the fermentation products were analyzed for pH, sugar content, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in terms of types and amount. The study showed that L. acidophilus grew well in MRSm. The optimum XOS concentration in MRSm was 5%, indicated by the highest growth of L. acidophilus (8.61 log CFU mL−1). The profile of SCFA products is 14.42 mM acetic acid, 0.25 mM propionic acid, 0.13 mM isobutyric acid, 0.41 mM n-butyric acid, 0.02 mM n-valeric acid, 0.25 mM isovaleric acid, and 25.08 mM lactic acid.

Evaluation of Prebiotic Properties of Galactooligosaccharides Produced by Transgalactosylation Using Partially Purified β-Galactosidase from Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC2190

Transgalactosylation reaction is the penultimate step in the production of galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) which has prominent applications in the treatment of disorders. In the present study, partially purified β-galactosidase from Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC2190 was used for the synthesis of prebiotic GOSs. GOSs were produced using lactose as substrate. Structural elucidation of collected fractions of GOSs by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry exhibited the appearance of major peaks of produced GOSs at m/z 241.20, 481.39, 365.11, 527.17, and 701.51 respectively. GOSs facilitated the growth of potential probiotic strains (Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. helveticus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) and liberated propionate and butyrate as principal short-chain fatty acids which established its prebiotic potency. Synbiotic combinations exhibited good antioxidant activities. Synbiotic combinations also exhibited antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microorganisms namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Synbiotic combinations of GOSs and the respective probiotic microorganisms were able to decrease viable human bone cancer cells (MG-63).

Microbial enrichment and meta-omics analysis identify CAZymes from mangrove sediments with unique properties

Although lignocellulose is the most abundant and renewable natural resource for biofuel production, its use remains under exploration because of its highly recalcitrant structure. Its deconstruction into sugar monomers is mainly driven by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). To develop highly efficient and fast strategies to discover biomass-degrading enzymes for biorefinery applications, an enrichment process combined with integrative omics approaches was used to identify new CAZymes. The lignocellulolytic-enriched mangrove microbial community (LignoManG) established on sugarcane bagasse (SB) was enriched with lignocellulolytic bacteria and fungi such as Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota. These microbial communities were able to degrade up to 55 % of the total SB, indicating the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the LignoManG harbors 18.042 CAZyme sequences such as of cellulases, hemicellulases, carbohydrate esterases, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Similarly, our metaproteomic analysis depicted several enzymes from distinct families of different CAZy families. Based on the LignoManG data, a xylanase (coldXynZ) was selected, amplified, cloned, expressed, and biochemically characterized. The enzyme displayed psicrofilic properties, with the highest activity at 15 °C, retaining 77 % of its activity when incubated at 0 °C. Moreover, molecular modeling in silico indicated that coldXynZ is composed of a TIM barrel, which is a typical folding found in the GH10 family, and displayed similar structural features related to cold-adapted enzymes. Collectively, the data generated in this study represent a valuable resource for lignocellulolytic enzymes with potential biotechnological applications.

Evaluation of nutraceutical application of xylooligosaccharide enzymatically produced from cauliflower stalk for its value addition through a sustainable approach

There is increasing attention on the exploration of waste feedstocks as economically viable substrates for the production of prebiotic oligosaccharides, especially xylooligosaccharides, as excellent candidates for the maintenance and promotion of gut microbiota. XOS, an emerging prebiotic that has several functional attributes and beneficial health effects, is mainly produced by different processes, especially enzymatic hydrolysis through the valorisation of xylan enriched lignocellulosic materials. The present study deals with the enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) from xylan rich cauliflower stalk, a novel source. Delignification with alkali (NaOH) was found to be more efficient than acid and autohydrolysis, resulting in a higher extraction yield of xylan (18.42%). Alkaline extraction for 120 minutes at 1.25 M alkali concentration produced maximum xylan yield. FTIR analysis of xylan extracted from cauliflower stalk by an alkaline (NaOH) pretreatment method showed typical absorption bands at 1729 cm-1 that correspond to acetyl groups exhibiting the typical xylan specific band. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out with indigenously produced crude endoxylanase obtained from Aspergillus niger MTCC 9687 and the effects of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH, time and temperature were investigated. High resolution MS analysis showed the presence of xylobiose as the major XOS. The major 1H spectral signals of XOS liberated from enzymatically hydrolysed alkali extracted cauliflower stalk xylan showed the presence of β-anomeric protons in the spectral region of 4.0-4.7 ppm. Prebiotic efficacy of cauliflower stalk derived XOS alone and synbiotic combinations with known probiotic strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. Helveticus) were evaluated. Butyrate was found to be the major short chain fatty acid produced by XOS supplemented fermentation media. All the synbiotic combinations showed significantly higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and reduced the viability of human bone cancer MG-63 cells. The individual profiles of antimicrobial components of XOS were identified as dihydroxy benzoic acid and aspartic acid by HPLC coupled to a photodiode array detector.

Fermented Seeds ("Zgougou") from Aleppo Pine as a Novel Source of Potentially Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria

Microorganisms inhabiting fermented foods represent the main link between the consumption of this food and human health. Although some fermented food is a reservoir of potentially probiotic microorganisms, several foods are still unexplored. This study aimed at characterizing the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from zgougou, a fermented matrix consisting of a watery mixture of Aleppo pine's seeds. In vitro methods were used to characterize the safety, survival ability in typical conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, and adherence capacity to surfaces, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Strains belonged to the Lactobacillus plantarum group and Enterococcus faecalis showed no DNase, hemolytic, and gelatinase activities. In addition, their susceptibility to most of the tested antibiotics, satisfied some of the safety prerequisites for their potential use as probiotics. All the strains tolerated low pH, gastrointestinal enzymes, and bile salts. They displayed a good antibacterial activity and antibiofilm formation against 10 reference bacterial pathogens, especially when used as a cell-free supernatant. Furthermore, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus carbonarius. Finally, they had good antioxidant activity, although depending on the strain. Overall, the results of this work highlight that zgougou represents an important reservoir of potentially probiotic LAB. Obviously, future studies should be addressed to confirm the health benefits of the LAB strains.

Effects of Prebiotics on Antioxidant Activity of Goat Milk Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum L60

The production of functional fermented goat milk with synbiotic have attracted widespread attention recently with the purpose of promoting health. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of several prebiotics (inulin, fructo-oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide and xylo-oligosaccharide) on antioxidant activity and promote the development of functional goat milk. All the prebiotics exhibited the potential of enhancing the antioxidant activity of fermented goat milk, especially inulin and fructo-oligosaccharide showed better promotive effects. The optimum additions of inulin, xylo-oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide and fructo-oligosaccharide obtained were 0.6%, 0.6%, 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging rates reached to 75.52%, 74.12%, 69.41%, 80.28%, respectively, and the scavenging rates of superoxide radical were 21.09%, 18.20%, 27.61% and 29.92%, respectively, which were all higher than the control. This paper provides theoretical basis for the development of the functional goat milk.

Enhancement of colon carcinogenesis by the combination of indole-3 carbinol and synbiotics in hemin-fed rats

The risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) could be associated with red and processed meat intake. Experimental data supports that hemin iron, found abundantly in red meat, promotes CRC in mice and rats, while indole-3 carbinol (I3C) and synbiotics (syn) exert anti-carcinogenic activities in most studies of colon carcinogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the modifying effects of I3C and syn (inulin + Bifidobacterium lactis), given separately or together, on dimethylhidrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in hemin-fed rats. All animals were given four subcutaneous DMH injections and then, two weeks after carcinogen exposure, they began a basal diet containing hemin, hemin + I3C, hemin + syn, or hemin + I3C + syn for 23 weeks. The combination of I3C + syn significantly increased fecal water genotoxicity, tumor volume and invasiveness when compared to the hemin-fed control group. The groups fed I3C or syn alone had a significant reduction in the number of preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) lesions compared to the hemin-fed group. Dietary I3C also reduced fecal water genotoxicity. Gene expression analysis of colorectal tumors demonstrated that the combination of dietary I3C + syn increased transcript levels for Raf1 and decreased tumor progression and invasiveness related to the genes Cdh1 and Appl1. This analysis also revealed that the Tnf and Cdh1 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in tumors of rats that received I3C, in comparison with the hemin-fed group. These findings reveal that the joint administration of I3C and syn enhanced the development of colon tumors induced by DMH in hemin-fed rats, while they potentially reduced ACF development when given alone.