Sensory aroma characteristics of alcalase hydrolyzed rice bran protein concentrate as affected by spray drying and sugar addition

Impact of Time and Enzyme Concentration on Sangyod Rice Bran Hydrolysate: Phytochemicals, Antioxidants, Amino Acids, and Cytotoxicity

This study investigated the production of Sangyod rice bran hydrolysate (SYRB) from Sangyod rice, focusing on incubation times (1, 3, and 5 h) and alcalase enzyme concentrations (0, 0.7, and 1% v/v). The results demonstrated a concentration-dependent relationship: higher alcalase concentrations increased hydrolysate yield. Prolonged incubation, especially with alcalase, enhanced substrate breakdown, further increasing hydrolysate production. The degree of hydrolysis, reflecting peptide bond cleavage, depended on both incubation time and enzyme concentration, emphasizing the role of enzyme activity in efficiency. Moreover, color analysis (L*, a*, b*) and color difference (∆E) revealed intricate changes from enzymatic hydrolysis. Proximate composition analysis showed higher protein and lipid content with increased enzyme concentration and longer incubation times, whereas ash content varied with both factors. Hydrolysate powders exhibited higher moisture content than raw rice bran, indicating the impact of the hydrolysis process. The study also explored SYRB's antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity, which were sensitive to incubation time and alcalase concentration. Longer incubation increased DPPH scavenging activity, with the highest efficacy at 3 h. Meanwhile, ABTS scavenging displayed a delicate balance with alcalase concentration. The cytotoxicity study of SYRB revealed that all concentrations of SYRB were non-toxic to C2C12 cells, with cell viability values exceeding 70%.

Pyrazine yield and functional properties of rice bran protein hydrolysate formed by the Maillard reaction at varying pH

Interest in plant-based protein sources has grown rapidly. Rice bran contains excellent quality protein, but it is still rare in the market, due to its poor functional properties and undesirable odors. Therefore, we studied the Maillard reaction at different pHs on the formation of pyrazines and improved functional properties of rice bran protein hydrolysate. Protein from rice bran was extracted and hydrolyzed, using alcalase, at 55 °C for 4 h. Fructose was added, and the pH of the hydrolysate was adjusted to pHs between 7.0 and 10.0, before spray drying. Five pyrazines were detected in the hydrolysate powder, with the highest yield at pH 9 ( p  < 0.05). The highest odor active value came from 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine (26.26), which contributed coffee, nutty and caramel aromas, followed by 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (9.2) and 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine (5.0). Increased pH led to a darker color (L* = 58.5) and redder (a* = 11.7) and yellower (b* = 13.8) powder. Key functional properties-solubility, water and oil binding capacity and emulsion stability index and foaming capacity-were increased with pH ( p  < 0.05). The optimum pH for pyrazine formation and improved properties of enzymatic rice bran protein hydrolysate was pH 9.0.

Maillard reaction of food-derived peptides as a potential route to generate meat flavor compounds: A review

Plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) are promising foods to address the global imbalance between the supply and demand for meat products caused by the increasing environmental pressures and growing human population. Given that the flavor of PBMA plays a crucial role in consumer acceptance, imparting meat-like flavor is of great significance. As a natural approach to generate meat-like flavor, the Maillard reaction involving food-derived peptides could contribute to the required flavor compounds, which has promising applications in PBMA formulations. In this review, the precursors of meat-like flavor are summarized followed by a discussion of the reactions and mechanisms responsible for generation of the flavor compounds. The preparation and analysis techniques for food-derived Maillard reacted peptides (MRPs) as well as their taste and aroma properties are discussed. In addition, the MRPs as meat flavor precursors and their potential application in the formulation of PBMA are also discussed. The present review provides a fundamental scientific information useful for the production and application of MRPs as meat flavor precursors in PBMA.

Use of Alcalase in the production of bioactive peptides: A review

This review aims to cover the uses of the commercially available protease Alcalase in the production of biologically active peptides since 2010. Immobilization of Alcalase has also been reviewed, as immobilization of the enzyme may improve the final reaction design enabling the use of more drastic conditions and the reuse of the biocatalyst. That way, this review presents the production, via Alcalase hydrolysis of different proteins, of peptides with antioxidant, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory, metal binding, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities (among other bioactivities) and peptides that improve the functional, sensory and nutritional properties of foods. Alcalase has proved to be among the most efficient proteases for this goal, using different protein sources, being especially interesting the use of the protein residues from food industry as feedstock, as this also solves nature pollution problems. Very interestingly, the bioactivities of the protein hydrolysates further improved when Alcalase is used in a combined way with other proteases both in a sequential way or in a simultaneous hydrolysis (something that could be related to the concept of combi-enzymes), as the combination of proteases with different selectivities and specificities enable the production of a larger amount of peptides and of a smaller size.

Maillard reaction products derived from food protein-derived peptides: insights into flavor and bioactivity

Food protein-derived peptides serve as food ingredients that can influence flavor and bioactivity of foods. The Maillard reaction plays a crucial role in food processing and storage, and generates a wide range of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) that contribute to flavor and bioactivity of foods. Even though the reactions between proteins and carbohydrates have been extensively investigated, the modifications of food protein-derived peptides and the subsequent impacts on flavor and bioactivity of foods have not been fully elucidated. In this review, the flavor and bioactive properties of food-derived peptides are reviewed. The formation mechanisms with respect to MRPs generated from food protein-derived peptides have been discussed. The state-of-the-art studies on impacts of the Maillard reaction on flavor and bioactivity of food protein-derived peptides are also discussed. In addition, some potential negative effects of MRPs are described.

Quantitation of Three Strecker Aldehydes from Enzymatic Hydrolyzed Rice Bran Protein Concentrates as Prepared by Various Conditions

The quantitation of three Strecker aldehydes-2-methypropanal (2-MP), 2-methylbutanal (2-MB), and 3-methylbutanal (3-MB)-from rice bran protein hydrolysate (RBPH) prepared under various conditions were investigated. The preparation conditions included hydrolysis time (0, 0.25, 2, 4, or 8 h), pH adjustment (pH 4.0, 7.0, or 10.0), and sugar addition (sucrose, glucose, or fructose). These conditions provide a significant potential for aroma generation from the Strecker degradation and Maillard reaction. The Strecker aldehyde quantitation was performed using gas chromatography (GC) with cryo-focusing technique. These combined techniques encourage the precise 2-MB and 3-MB quantitation. The highest concentrations of three Strecker aldehydes were found in RBPH that was prepared by alcalase hydrolysis at 4 h with fructose addition (RBPH-F) and adjusted to pH 7.0 before spray drying. Thirty-nine aroma-active compounds of RBPH-F were discovered using solid-phase microextraction coupled with GC-olfactometry.

Preparation, aroma characteristics and volatile compounds of flavorings from enzymatic hydrolyzed rice bran protein concentrate

BACKGROUND

Rice bran is a by-product obtained from the rice milling industry. The aims of this research were to add value to rice bran by preparation of enzymatic hydrolyzed rice bran protein concentrate (HRPC) as a flavoring agent and the flavoring which was produced by HRPC has not been investigated. Different drying methods (freeze-drying and spray-drying) and fructose additions were studied for improvement of rice bran protein sensorial aroma characteristics.

RESULTS

The most abundant amino acids in liquid HRPC (LH) were glutamic acid, arginine, aspartic acid and leucine. The intensity of desirable aromas, such as cereal-like, nut-like, milk-powder-like, sweet, and cocoa-like aroma, were higher in spray-dried HRPC powder (SHP) than in LH and freeze-dried HRPC. Volatile compounds, such as aldehydes, pyrazines and ketones, were significantly increased in HRPC powders in which fructose was added before spray-drying (SHP-F). Higher amounts of 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, phenylacetaldehyde, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, vanillin, 2-acetylpyrrole and maltol were detected in SHP-F. Moreover, these compounds had high odor active values, which accounted for the cocoa-like, sweet, nut-like, and milk-powder-like characteristics of SHP-F.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings could lead to the creation of desirable aroma characteristics of rice bran protein concentrate by different preparation methods. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.