Thermal energy transport in Burgers nanofluid flow featuring the Cattaneo–Christov double diffusion theory

Investigation of the Three-Dimensional Hybrid Casson Nanofluid Flow: A Cattaneo-Christov Theory

We consider the Casson hybrid nanofluid (HN) (ZnO + Ag/Casson fluid) that flows steadily along a two-directional stretchable sheet under the influence of an applied changing magnetic flux and is electrically conducting. The basic Casson and Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion (CCDD) formulations are used for the simulation of the problem. This is the first study on the analysis of the Casson hybrid nanofluid by using the CCDD model. The use of these models generalize basic Fick's and Fourier's laws. The current produced due to the magnetic parameter is taken into consideration by using the generalized Oham law. The problem is formulated and then transformed to a coupled set of ordinary differential equations. The simplified set of equations is solved using the homotopy analysis method. The obtained results are presented through tables and graphs for various state variables. A comparative survey in all the graphs is presented for the nanofluid (ZnO/Casson fluid) with the HN (ZnO + Ag/Casson fluid). These graphs depict the effect of various pertinent parameters, like Pr, M, Sc, γ, Nt, m, Nb, δ₁, and δ₂, varying values over the flow. The Hall current parameter m and stretching ratio parameter γ show increasing trends for the velocity gradient, while the magnetic parameter and the flux of mass depict opposite trends for the same profile. The increasing values of the relaxation coefficients show an opposite trend. Furthermore, the ZnO + Ag/Casson fluid shows a good performance in the transfer of heat and thus can be used for cooling purposes to increase the efficiency of the system.

Analytical Study of the Energy Loss Reduction during Three-Dimensional Engine Oil-Based Hybrid Nanofluid Flow by Using Cattaneo–Christov Model

In this work, we analyzed the hybrid nanofluid (Ag+CuO+kerosene oil) flow past a bidirectionally extendable surface in the presence of a variable magnetic field. The hybrid nanofluid flow considered is electrically conductive and steady. For the simulation of the problem, the Cattaneo–Christov double-diffusion (CCDD) model was considered, which generalizes Fourier’s and Fick’s laws. The impact of the Hall current produced was taken into account. The physical problem was transformed into a mathematical form with the help of suitable transformations to reduce the complexity of the problem. The transformed system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) was solved with the semi-analytical method. The results are plotted in comparison with the ordinary nanofluid (CuO+kerosene oil) and hybrid nanofluid (Ag+CuO+kerosene oil). The impact of various parameters (Pr,Sc,γ0,m,M,Nb,Nt,ϵ1,ϵ2) on the state variables is described. The velocity gradient under the impact of the mass flux and magnetic parameter shows a decreasing behavior, while the Hall parameter and the stretching ratio show an increasing behavior. Moreover, the skin friction, rate of heat, and mass transfer are numerically displayed through tables. In this work, we found that the thermal and concentration relaxation coefficients showed a decreasing behavior for their increasing trends. For the validation of the implemented technique, the squared residuals are computed in Table 2, which shows that the increasing number of iterations decreases the squared residual error. The results show that Ag+CuO+kerosene oil has good performance in the reduction of the heat transfer rate.

Steady Flow of Burgers’ Nanofluids over a Permeable Stretching/Shrinking Surface with Heat Source/Sink

An engineered fluid, called nanofluid, is expected to have better thermal conductivity than conventional working fluids. The superior heat transfer performance and various possible applications promote the analysis of nanofluids in different flow geometries. This paper studies the flow of non-Newtonian Burgers’ nanofluids over a permeable stretching/shrinking surface with a heat source/sink. In the current study, we highlight the use of the single-phase nanofluid model in studying the boundary layer flow. The basic partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary (similarity) differential equations. Then, the resulting equations and boundary conditions are solved numerically in MATLAB using the bvp4c package. Triple solutions are presented, and stability analysis certifies that the first solution is physically realizable in practice. It is found that the increment of the heat source parameter raised the temperature profile of the nanofluids. Al2O3/H2O and Cu/H2O nanofluids produced the highest skin friction coefficient in the flow over stretching and shrinking surfaces, respectively. Meanwhile, Cu/H2O nanofluid showed a better heat transfer performance when compared to Al2O3/ H2O and TiO2/ H2O nanofluids. The present study is novel and could serve as a reference to other researchers for further analysis of heat transfer performance and the rheological behavior of nanofluids.

Analysis of Non-Linear Radiation and Activation Energy Analysis on Hydromagnetic Reiner–Philippoff Fluid Flow with Cattaneo–Christov Double Diffusions

Using magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), the thermal energy and mass transport boundary layer flow parameters of Reiner–Philippoff fluid (non-Newtonian) are numerically investigated. In terms of energy and mass transfer, non-linear radiation, Cattaneo–Christov double diffusions, convective conditions at the surface, and the species reaction pertaining to activation energy are all addressed. The stated governing system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is drained into a non-linear differential system using appropriate similarity variables. Numerical solutions are found for the flow equations that have been determined. Two-dimensional charts are employed to demonstrate the flow field, temperature and species distributions, and rate of heat and mass transfers for the concerned parameters for both Newtonian and Reiner–Philippoff fluid examples. The stream line phenomenon is also mentioned in this paper. A table has also been utilized to illustrate the comparison with published results, which shows that the current numerical data are in good accord. The findings point to a new role for heat and mass transfer. According to the findings, increasing values of solutal and thermal relaxation time parameters diminish the associated mass and thermal energy layers. The current study has significant ramifications for chemical engineering systems.

On Generalized Fourier’s and Fick’s Laws in Bio-Convection Flow of Magnetized Burgers’ Nanofluid Utilizing Motile Microorganisms

This article describes the features of bio-convection and motile microorganisms in magnetized Burgers’ nanoliquid flows by stretchable sheet. Theory of Cattaneo–Christov mass and heat diffusions is also discussed. The Buongiorno phenomenon for nanoliquid motion in a Burgers’ fluid is employed in view of the Cattaneo–Christov relation. The control structure of governing partial differential equations (PDEs) is changed into appropriate ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by suitable transformations. To get numerical results of nonlinear systems, the bvp4c solver provided in the commercial software MATLAB is employed. Numerical and graphical data for velocity, temperature, nanoparticles concentration and microorganism profiles are obtained by considering various estimations of prominent physical parameters. Our computations depict that the temperature field has direct relation with the thermal Biot number and Burgers’ fluid parameter. Here, temperature field is enhanced for growing estimations of thermal Biot number and Burgers’ fluid parameter.