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Testa ML, Tummino ML, Venezia AM, Russo M. Interesterification of Glyceryl Trioctanoate Catalyzed by Sulfonic Silica-Based Materials: Insight into the Role of Catalysts on the Reaction Mechanism. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5121. [PMID: 37512395 PMCID: PMC10383590 DOI: 10.3390/ma16145121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the acid-catalyzed interesterification of glyceryl trioctanoate (GTO) with ethyl acetate was investigated as a model reaction for the one-step production of biofuel and its additives. The activity of heterogeneous acid catalysts, such as silica-based propyl-sulfonic ones, was evaluated. Propyl-sulfonic groups were grafted on both amorphous and mesoporous silica oxide (SBA-15, KIT-6) using different functionalization processes and characterized by N2 adsorpion-desorption isotherm (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and potentiometric titration. During the optimization of the reaction conditions with the most active catalyst (Am-Pr-SO3H), it was shown that the addition of ethanol allowed a total conversion of GTO together with 89% and 56% yield of ethyl octanoate and triacetin, respectively. The catalytic performance is strictly correlated to the catalyst features, in terms of both the acid capacity and the porous structure. Moreover, the catalytic performance is also affected by a synergistic mechanism between silanols and Pr-SO3H groups towards the 'silanolysis' of ethyl acetate. The overall results show that the presence of ethanol, the reaction time, and the amount of catalyst shifts the reaction towards the formation of the biofuel mixture composed by ethyl octanoate and triacetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Testa
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN-CNR, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Tummino
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing, Italian National Research Council (CNR-STIIMA), Corso G. Pella 16, 13900 Biella, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Venezia
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN-CNR, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN-CNR, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Girelli AM, Chiappini V. Renewable, sustainable, and natural lignocellulosic carriers for lipase immobilization: A review. J Biotechnol 2023; 365:29-47. [PMID: 36796453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that enzymes are molecules particularly susceptible to pH and temperature variations. Immobilization techniques may overcome this weakness besides improving the reusability of the biocatalysts. Given the strong push toward a circular economy, the use of natural lignocellulosic wastes as supports for enzyme immobilization has been increasingly attractive in recent years. This fact is mainly due to their high availability, low costs, and the possibility of reducing the environmental impact that can occur when they are improperly stored. In addition, they have physical and chemical characteristics suitable for enzyme immobilization (large surface area, high rigidity, porosity, reactive functional groups, etc.). This review aims to guide readers and provide them with the tools necessary to select the most suitable methodology for lipase immobilization on lignocellulosic wastes. The importance and the characteristics of an increasingly interesting enzyme, such as lipase, and the advantages and disadvantages of the different immobilization methods will be discussed. The various kinds of lignocellulosic wastes and the processing required to make them suitable as carriers will be also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Girelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Chiappini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Recent Advances in Feedstock and Lipase Research and Development towards Commercialization of Enzymatic Biodiesel. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable, and carbon-neutral alternative to petroleum diesel that can contribute to the global effort of minimizing the use of fossil fuels and meeting the ever-growing energy demands and stringent environmental constraints. The aim of this work was to (1) review the recent progress in feedstock development, including first, second, third, and fourth-generation feedstocks for biodiesel production; (2) discuss recent progress in lipase research and development as one of the key factors for establishing a cost-competitive biodiesel process in terms of enzyme sources, properties, immobilization, and transesterification efficiency; and (3) provide an update of the current challenges and opportunities for biodiesel commercialization from techno-economic and social perspectives. Related biodiesel producers, markets, challenges, and opportunities for biodiesel commercialization, including environmental considerations, are critically discussed.
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Efficient extraction of food grade natural blue colorant from dry biomass of Spirulina platensis using eco-friendly methods. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Savickaite A, Sadauskas M, Gudiukaite R. Immobilized GDEst-95, GDEst-lip and GD-95RM lipolytic enzymes for continuous flow hydrolysis and transesterification reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:421-434. [PMID: 33493559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study lipolytic biocatalysts GD-95RM, GDEst-95 and GDEst-lip were immobilized by encapsulation in calcium alginate beads. All three immobilized biocatalysts demonstrated significantly increased thermal stability at 60-70 °C temperatures and the activity of GD-95RM lipase increased by 50% at 70-80 °C following the immobilization. Moreover, encapsulated GDEst-95 esterase retained higher than 50% lipolytic activity after 3 months of incubation with butanol (25%) and ethanol (50%); GDEst-lip enzyme possessed 50% activity after 2 months of treatment with ethanol (25%) and methanol (25%); and GD-95RM lipase displayed higher that 50% activity after two-week incubation with methanol (50%). All three immobilized enzymes displayed long-term storage capability (>50% activity) at least until 3 months at 4 °C. It was also detected that immobilized GD-95RM and GDEst-lip can perform flow hydrolysis of both avocado oil and p-NP dodecanoate in prototype packed-bed column reactor. The analysis of continuous transesterification of avocado or sunflower oil with ethanol or methanol as substrates confirmed that encapsulated GD-95RM and GDEst-lip enzymes is a useful approach to produce fatty acid alkyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Savickaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikas Sadauskas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renata Gudiukaite
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekis avenue 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Abstract
The delay in the energy transition, focused in the replacement of fossil diesel with biodiesel, is mainly caused by the need of reducing the costs associated to the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with methanol. This reaction, on an industrial scale, presents several problems associated with the glycerol generated during the process. The costs to eliminate this glycerol have to be added to the implicit cost of using seed oil as raw material. Recently, several alternative methods to convert vegetable oils into high quality diesel fuels, which avoid the glycerol generation, are being under development, such as Gliperol, DMC-Biod, or Ecodiesel. Besides, there are renewable diesel fuels known as “green diesel”, obtained by several catalytic processes (cracking or pyrolysis, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrotreating) of vegetable oils and which exhibit a lot of similarities with fossil fuels. Likewise, it has also been addressed as a novel strategy, the use of straight vegetable oils in blends with various plant-based sources such as alcohols, vegetable oils, and several organic compounds that are renewable and biodegradable. These plant-based sources are capable of achieving the effective reduction of the viscosity of the blends, allowing their use in combustion ignition engines. The aim of this review is to evaluate the real possibilities that conventional biodiesel has in order to success as the main biofuel for the energy transition, as well as the use of alternative biofuels that can take part in the energy transition in a successful way.
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Koyande AK, Show PL, Guo R, Tang B, Ogino C, Chang JS. Bio-processing of algal bio-refinery: a review on current advances and future perspectives. Bioengineered 2019; 10:574-592. [PMID: 31668124 PMCID: PMC6844430 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1679697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae biomass contains various useful bio-active components. Microalgae derived biodiesel has been researched for almost two decades. However, sole biodiesel extraction from microalgae is time-consuming and is not economically feasible due to competitive fossil fuel prices. Microalgae also contains proteins and carbohydrates in abundance. Microalgae are likewise utilized to extract high-value products such as pigments, anti-oxidants and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which are useful in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industry. These compounds can be extracted simultaneously or sequentially after biodiesel extraction to reduce the total expenditure involved in the process. This approach of bio-refinery is necessary to promote microalgae in the commercial market. Researchers have been keen on utilizing the bio-refinery approach to exploit the valuable components encased by microalgae. Apart from all the beneficial components housed by microalgae, they also help in reducing the anthropogenic CO2 levels of the atmosphere while utilizing saline or wastewater. These benefits enable microalgae as a potential source for bio-refinery approach. Although life-cycle analysis and economic assessment do not favor the use of microalgae biomass feedstock to produce biofuel and co-products with the existing techniques, this review still aims to highlight the beneficial components of microalgae and their importance to humans. In addition, this article also focuses on current and future aspects of improving the feasibility of bio-processing for microalgae bio-refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurav Krishna Koyande
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bencan Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Samoylova YV, Sorokina KN, Piligaev AV, Parmon VN. Application of Bacterial Thermostable Lipolytic Enzymes in the Modern Biotechnological Processes: A Review. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050419020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Navvabi A, Razzaghi M, Fernandes P, Karami L, Homaei A. Novel lipases discovery specifically from marine organisms for industrial production and practical applications. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lee JH, Woo HJ, Jeong KS, Park KS. The radius of influence of a combined method of in situ air sparging and soil vapor extraction in the intertidal sediments of Gomso Bay on the west coast of South Korea. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1388. [PMID: 27610307 PMCID: PMC4993732 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background In situ air sparging (IAS) was undertaken at sites in the tidal flats of Mandol and Hajeon, on the west coast of South Korea, to estimate variations in the radius of influence (ROI). Results The Mandol core sample consisted of sand and muddy sand 1.6–3.4 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Phi$$\end{document}Φ) and contained water (average 15.10 %). The Hajeon core sample consisted of muddy sand, sandy silt, and muddy sandy gravel 1.31–4.44 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Phi$$\end{document}Φ) and contained water (average 19.77 %). These sites differ in their sedimentary and geochemical characteristics. At the Mandol site, no H2S or combustible gas was detected during a 48-h sampling period, except for some volatile organic compounds (0.1–2.0 ppm) at the monitoring well during the initial 30 min. At the soil vapor extraction wells, CO2 and O2 varied by 850 ppm (690–1540 ppm) and 0.5 % (20.4–20.9 %), respectively. At the Hajeon site, CO2 and O2 varied from 580 to 1250 ppm and 20.6 to 20.9 %, respectively, during the 48-h sampling period. Conclusions At the Mandol site, an oxygen concentration of 20.6 % was assumed as the effective concentration, and the ROI was estimated to be 128.0 cm. However, at the Hajeon site the ROI was estimated to be 85.7 cm. The smaller effective ROI at the Hajeon site was likely caused by the thin aquifer and thin screens of the sparing well. This estimated ROI show that the remediation effectiveness varies greatly as a heterogeneities and anisotropies in the porous sediments. Besides, injection pressure, flow rate, pulsing or continuous mode, and the range of intrinsic permeability for most important characteristic of sediment (soil) type impacted the ROI. Therefore, the IAS method is more effective at a pervasive air flow sediments such as Mandol, which consists of sand and muddy sand than at a channelized site such as Hajeon. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3026-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Lee
- Korean Seas Geosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), 787, Haean-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15627 Korea
| | - Han Jun Woo
- Korean Seas Geosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), 787, Haean-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15627 Korea
| | - Kap-Sik Jeong
- Korean Seas Geosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), 787, Haean-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15627 Korea
| | - Kap-Song Park
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), 81, Oedae-ro, Mohyeon-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17035 Korea
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Abdul Razack S, Duraiarasan S, Mani V. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle and its application in cell wall disruption to release carbohydrate and lipid from C. vulgaris for biofuel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:70-76. [PMID: 28352542 PMCID: PMC5042295 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The AgNP was successfully synthesised from soil isolated bacterium Bacillus subtilis. The synthesised AgNPs were confirmed by UV-Spec, FTIR, TEM and XRD. The AgNPs were successfully treated microalga to disrupt its cell wall to release lipids and carbohydrates. The cell wall damages evidenced by LDH assay and SEM.
Microalgae are the fledging feedstocks yielding raw materials for the production of third generation biofuel. Assorted and conventional cell wall disruption techniques were helpful in extracting lipids and carbohydrates, nevertheless the disadvantages have led the biotechnologists to explore new process to lyse cell wall in a faster and an economical manner. Silver nanoparticles have the ability to break the cell wall of microalgae and release biomolecules effectively. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was performed using a novel bacterial isolate of Bacillus subtilis. Characterisation of nanosilver and its effect on cell wall lysis of microalgae were extensively analysed. Cell wall damage was confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase assay and visually by SEM analysis. This first piece of research work on direct use of nanoparticles for cell wall lysis would potentially be advantageous over its conventional approaches and a greener, cost effective and non laborious method for the production of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirajunnisa Abdul Razack
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Surendhiran Duraiarasan
- Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, St. Joseph University, Dar es Salaam 11077, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Vijay Mani
- Bioelectrochemical Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002 Tamil Nadu, India
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