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Bhardwaj S, Badiyal A, Dhiman S, Bala J, Walia A. Exploring Halophiles for Reclamation of Saline Soils: Biotechnological Interventions for Sustainable Agriculture. J Basic Microbiol 2025:e70048. [PMID: 40357706 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.70048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2025] [Revised: 04/22/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025]
Abstract
Soil salinization is a major constraint on agricultural productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where limited rainfall cannot wash salts from plant root zones. This leads to disruptions in water uptake, ion balance, photosynthesis, respiration, nutrient absorption, hormone regulation and rhizosphere microbiome disturbances in plants. Chemical and biological methods can help mitigate soil salinity, but biological approaches, like using halophytes and salt-tolerant microorganisms, are preferred for environmental sustainability. Halophytes, however, represent only about 1% of flora and are habitat specific, so halophilic plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbes have emerged as a key eco-friendly solution. Halophilic PGP bacteria have shown promise in remediating saline soils, enhancing fertility and boosting crop resilience by inducing salinity tolerance (IST) and promoting plant growth traits. In the era of modern agriculture where chemical inputs are at their peak of application rendering the soil infertile, halophilic PGP bacteria represent a promising, sustainable approach to support food security, aligning with Sustainable Development Goals for zero hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Bhardwaj
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | - Anila Badiyal
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | - Shailja Dhiman
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | - Jyoti Bala
- Department of Organic Agriculture and Natural Farming, College of Agriculture, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
| | - Abhishek Walia
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, India
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Essghaier B, Naccache C, Ben-Miled H, Mottola F, Ben-Mahrez K, Mezghani Khemakhem M, Rocco L. Discovery and characterization of novel lipopeptides produced by Virgibacillus massiliensis with biosurfactant and antimicrobial activities. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:258. [PMID: 39372494 PMCID: PMC11452367 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the biosurfactants (BSs) production by SM-23 strain of Virgibacillus identified by phenotypical and WGS analysis as Virgibacillus massiliensis. We first demonstrated the lipopeptides production by Virgibacillus massiliensis specie and studied their biochemical and molecular analysis as well as their biological potential. The GC-MS analysis indicated that methyl.2-hyroxydodecanoate was the major fatty acid compound with 33.22%. The maximum BSs production was obtained in LB medium supplemented by 1% olive oil (v/v) at 30 °C and 5% NaCl with 1.92 g/l. The obtained results revealed the significant biosurfactants/bioemulsifier potential compared to triton X100 with E24 of 100%, and an emulsification stability SE of 83%. The lipopeptides types were identified by FTIR analysis. A strong antimicrobial action was observed by the produced lipopeptides by the agar diffusion method against E.coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, Fusarium sp, Alternaria sp, and Phytophtora sp. The complete genome sequencing showed genes involved in the synthesis of multiple compounds identified as amphipathic cyclic lipopeptides such as locillomycin/locillomycin B/locillomycin C and bacillibactin. Our results highlighted significant lipopeptides properties displayed by V. massiliensis that can be exploited to develop a novel strategy in the formulation of natural biocidal and fungicidal agents. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04100-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badiaa Essghaier
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory LR01ES05, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis Elmanar, 2092 Elmanar II, Tunisia
| | - Chahnez Naccache
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory LR01ES05, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis Elmanar, 2092 Elmanar II, Tunisia
| | - Houda Ben-Miled
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory LR01ES05, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis Elmanar, 2092 Elmanar II, Tunisia
| | - Filomena Mottola
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania L.Vanvitelli-Via Vivaldi, 43-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Kamel Ben-Mahrez
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory LR01ES05, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis Elmanar, 2092 Elmanar II, Tunisia
| | - Maha Mezghani Khemakhem
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory LR01ES05, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis Elmanar, 2092 Elmanar II, Tunisia
| | - Lucia Rocco
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania L.Vanvitelli-Via Vivaldi, 43-81100 Caserta, Italy
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Reang L, Bhatt S, Tomar RS, Joshi K, Padhiyar S, Bhalani H, Kheni J, Vyas UM, Parakhia MV. Extremozymes and compatible solute production potential of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria isolated from crop rhizospheric soils of Southwest Saurashtra Gujarat. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15704. [PMID: 38977706 PMCID: PMC11231302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Halophiles are one of the classes of extremophilic microorganisms that can flourish in environments with very high salt concentrations. In this study, fifteen bacterial strains isolated from various crop rhizospheric soils of agricultural fields along the Southwest coastline of Saurashtra, Gujarat, and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Halomonas pacifica, H. stenophila, H. salifodinae, H. binhaiensis, Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi, and Bacillus paralicheniformis were investigated for their potentiality to produce extremozymes and compatible solute. The isolates showed the production of halophilic protease, cellulase, and chitinase enzymes ranging from 6.90 to 35.38, 0.004-0.042, and 0.097-0.550 U ml-1, respectively. The production of ectoine-compatible solute ranged from 0.01 to 3.17 mg l-1. Furthermore, the investigation of the ectoine-compatible solute production at the molecular level by PCR showed the presence of the ectoine synthase gene responsible for its biosynthesis in the isolates. Besides, it also showed the presence of glycine betaine biosynthetic gene betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase in the isolates. The compatible solute production by these isolates may be linked to their ability to produce extremozymes under saline conditions, which could protect them from salt-induced denaturation, potentially enhancing their stability and activity. This correlation warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likhindra Reang
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Shraddha Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India.
| | - Rukam Singh Tomar
- Crop Improvement Section, ICAR - Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Kavita Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Shital Padhiyar
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - Hiren Bhalani
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - JasminKumar Kheni
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - U M Vyas
- Main Oilseed Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
| | - M V Parakhia
- Department of Biotechnology, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India
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Bacterial chitinases: genetics, engineering and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:252. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Akram F, Jabbar Z, Aqeel A, Haq IU, Tariq S, Malik K. A Contemporary Appraisal on Impending Industrial and Agricultural Applications of Thermophilic-Recombinant Chitinolytic Enzymes from Microbial Sources. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:1055-1075. [PMID: 35397055 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of chitinases to degrade the second most abundant polymer, chitin, into potentially useful chitooligomers and chitin derivatives has not only rendered them fit for chitinous waste management but has also made them important from industrial point of view. At the same time, they have also been recognized to have an imperative role as promising biocontrol agents for controlling plant diseases. As thermostability is an important property for an industrially important enzyme, various bacterial and fungal sources are being exploited to obtain such stable enzymes. These stable enzymes can also play a role in agriculture by maintaining their stability under adverse environmental conditions for longer time duration when used as biocontrol agent. Biotechnology has also played its role in the development of recombinant chitinases with enhanced activity, thermostability, fungicidal and insecticidal activity via recombinant DNA techniques. Furthermore, a relatively new approach of generating pathogen-resistant transgenic plants has opened new ways for sustainable agriculture by minimizing the yield loss of valuable crops and plants. This review focuses on the potential applications of thermostable and recombinant microbial chitinases in industry and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahbaz Tariq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Polyextremophilic Chitinolytic Activity by a Marine Strain (IG119) of Clonostachys rosea. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030688. [PMID: 35163952 PMCID: PMC8838608 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The investigation for novel unique extremozymes is a valuable business for which the marine environment has been overlooked. The marine fungus Clonostachys rosea IG119 was tested for growth and chitinolytic enzyme production at different combinations of salinity and pH using response surface methodology. RSM modelling predicted best growth in-between pH 3.0 and 9.0 and at salinity of 0-40‱, and maximum enzyme activity (411.137 IU/L) at pH 6.4 and salinity 0‱; however, quite high production (>390 IU/L) was still predicted at pH 4.5-8.5. The highest growth and activity were obtained, respectively, at pH 4.0 and 8.0, in absence of salt. The crude enzyme was tested at different salinities (0-120‱) and pHs (2.0-13.0). The best activity was achieved at pH 4.0, but it was still high (in-between 3.0 and 12.0) at pH 2.0 and 13.0. Salinity did not affect the activity in all tested conditions. Overall, C. rosea IG119 was able to grow and produce chitinolytic enzymes under polyextremophilic conditions, and its crude enzyme solution showed more evident polyextremophilic features. The promising chitinolytic activity of IG119 and the peculiar characteristics of its chitinolytic enzymes could be suitable for several biotechnological applications (i.e., degradation of salty chitin-rich materials and biocontrol of spoiling organisms, possibly solving some relevant environmental issues).
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Anees M, Qayyum A, Jamil M, Rehman FU, Abid M, Malik MS, Yunas M, Ullah K. Role of halotolerant and chitinolytic bacteria in phytoremediation of saline soil using spinach plant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:653-661. [PMID: 32064897 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1707160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel technologies are required for rapid reclamation of saline soils. The halotrophic and chitinolytic bacterial strains were used for phytoremediation of saline soils using spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.). The previously isolated chitinolytic bacteria showed high antifungal potential against Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria spp. The halotolerant bacterial strains were previously isolated showing a salt tolerance of up to 20% in culture media. Specially designed microcosms were used here to investigate the reclamation of saline soil by bacteria. The soil salinity was reduced by both types of bacteria (from 6.5 to 2 dS/m). A decline in Na contents from 22-24 to 9-12 meq/L and in sodium adsorption ratio from 10-11 to 7-8 was also observed in saline soils. The Ca/Mg contents increased from 24 to 30-33 meq/L. The bioassays were performed to evaluate the effect of the bacteria on the phytoremediation. The shoot, root weights (both fresh (1.927 g, 0.244 g) and dry (0.387 g, 0.104 g)) increased by bacterial inoculation as compared to control in saline soils. The Na/K ratio decreased in plant tissues. Here we report the increased efficacy of phytoremediation by combined inoculation of chitinolytic and halotolerant bacterial strains in soil which has never been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Anees
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Qayyum
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Fayyaz Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib Malik
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | | | - Kalim Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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Production and purification of a hyperthermostable chitinase from Brevibacillus formosus BISR-1 isolated from the Great Indian Desert soils. Extremophiles 2014; 18:451-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Loni PP, Patil JU, Phugare SS, Bajekal SS. Purification and characterization of alkaline chitinase fromPaenibacillus pasadenensisNCIM 5434. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1080-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad P. Loni
- Department of Microbiology; Yashwantrao Chavan College of Science; Karad India
| | - Jaysing U. Patil
- Department of Microbiology; Yashwantrao Chavan College of Science; Karad India
| | - Swapnil S. Phugare
- Department of Biotechnology; Yashwantrao Chavan College of Science; Karad India
| | - Shaym S. Bajekal
- Department of Microbiology; Yashwantrao Chavan College of Science; Karad India
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Functional expression and characterization of a chitinase from the marine archaeon Halobacterium salinarum CECT 395 in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2133-43. [PMID: 23893326 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The HschiA1 gene of the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum CECT 395 was cloned and overexpressed as an active protein of 66.5 kDa in Escherichia coli. The protein called HsChiA1p has a modular structure consisting of a glycosyl hydrolase family 18 catalytic region, as well as a N-terminal family 5 carbohydrate-binding module and a polycystic kidney domain. The purified recombinant chitinase displayed optimum catalytic activity at pH 7.3 and 40 °C and showed high stability over broad pH (6-8.5) and temperature (25-45 °C) ranges. Protein activity was stimulated by the metal ions Mg(+2), K(+), and Ca(+2) and strongly inhibited by Mn(+2). HsChiA1p is salt-dependent with its highest activity in the presence of 1.5 M of NaCl, but retains 20% of its activity in the absence of salt. The recombinant enzyme hydrolysed p-NP-(GlcNAc)3, p-NP-(GlcNAc), crystalline chitin, and colloidal chitin. From its sequence features and biochemical properties, it can be identified as an exo-acting enzyme with potential interest regarding the biodegradation of chitin waste or its bioconversion into biologically active products.
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