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Shaygani H, Mofrad YM, Demneh SMR, Hafezi S, Almasi-Jaf A, Shamloo A. Cartilage and bone injectable hydrogels: A review of injectability methods and treatment strategies for repair in tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 282:136689. [PMID: 39447779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024]
Abstract
Cartilage and bone are crucial tissues causing disability in the elderly population, often requiring prolonged treatment and surgical intervention due to limited regenerative capacity. Injectable hydrogels that closely mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of native hard tissue have attracted attention due to their minimally invasive application and ability to conform to irregular defect sites. These hydrogels facilitate key biological processes such as cell migration, chondrogenesis in cartilage repair, osteoinduction, angiogenesis, osteoconduction, and mineralization in bone repair. This review analyzes in-vitro and in-vivo biomedical databases over the past decade to identify advancements in hydrogel formulations, crosslinking mechanisms, and biomaterial selection for cartilage and bone tissue engineering. The review emphasizes the effectiveness of injectable hydrogels as carriers for cells, growth factors, and drugs, offering additional therapeutic benefits. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of their potential to serve as a robust alternative to current surgical and non-surgical treatments. This review also examines the advantages of injectable hydrogels, such as ease of administration, reduced patient recovery time, and enhanced bioactivity, thereby emphasizing their potential in clinical applications for cartilage and bone regeneration with emphasis on addressing the shortcomings of current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Shaygani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Mozhdehbakhsh Mofrad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammadhossein Rezaei Demneh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Hafezi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aram Almasi-Jaf
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Subbiah R, Lin EY, Athirasala A, Romanowicz GE, Lin ASP, Califano JV, Guldberg RE, Bertassoni LE. Engineering of an Osteoinductive and Growth Factor-Free Injectable Bone-Like Microgel for Bone Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2200976. [PMID: 36808718 PMCID: PMC10978434 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone autografts remain the gold standard for bone grafting surgeries despite having increased donor site morbidity and limited availability. Bone morphogenetic protein-loaded grafts represent another successful commercial alternative. However, the therapeutic use of recombinant growth factors has been associated with significant adverse clinical outcomes. This highlights the need to develop biomaterials that closely approximate the structure and composition of bone autografts, which are inherently osteoinductive and biologically active with embedded living cells, without the need for added supplements. Here, injectable growth factor-free bone-like tissue constructs are developed, that closely approximate the cellular, structural, and chemical composition of bone autografts. It is demonstrated that these micro-constructs are inherently osteogenic, and demonstrate the ability to stimulate mineralized tissue formation and regenerate bone in critical-sized defects in-vivo. Furthermore, the mechanisms that allow human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to be highly osteogenic in these constructs, despite the lack of osteoinductive supplements, are assessed, whereby Yes activated protein (YAP) nuclear localization and adenosine signaling appear to regulate osteogenic cell differentiation. The findings represent a step toward a new class of minimally invasive, injectable, and inherently osteoinductive scaffolds, which are regenerative by virtue of their ability to mimic the tissue cellular and extracellular microenvironment, thus showing promise for clinical applications in regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subbiah
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Edith Y Lin
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Genevieve E Romanowicz
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Angela S P Lin
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Joseph V Califano
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Robert E Guldberg
- Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Knight Cancer Precision Biofabrication Hub, Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Oncological Sciences, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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Subbiah R, Ruehle MA, Klosterhoff BS, Lin AS, Hettiaratchi MH, Willett NJ, Bertassoni LE, García AJ, Guldberg RE. Triple growth factor delivery promotes functional bone regeneration following composite musculoskeletal trauma. Acta Biomater 2021; 127:180-192. [PMID: 33823326 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Successful bone healing in severe trauma depends on early revascularization to restore oxygen, nutrient, growth factor, and progenitor cell supply to the injury. Therapeutic angiogenesis strategies have therefore been investigated to promote revascularization following severe bone injuries; however, results have been inconsistent. This is the first study investigating the effects of dual angiogenic growth factors (VEGF and PDGF) with low-dose bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2; 2.5 µg) on bone healing in a clinically challenging composite bone-muscle injury model. Our hydrogel-based delivery systems demonstrated a more than 90% protein entrapment efficiency and a controlled simultaneous release of three growth factors over 28 days. Co-stimulation of microvascular fragment constructs with VEGF and PDGF promoted vascular network formation in vitro compared to VEGF or PDGF alone. In an in vivo model of segmental bone and volumetric muscle loss injury, combined VEGF (5 µg) and PDGF (7.5 µg or 15 µg) delivery with a low dose of BMP-2 significantly enhanced regeneration of vascularized bone compared to BMP-2 treatment alone. Notably, the regenerated bone mechanics reached ~60% of intact bone, a value that was previously only achieved by delivery of high-dose BMP-2 (10 µg) in this injury model. Overall, sustained delivery of VEGF, PDFG, and BMP-2 is a promising strategy to promote functional vascularized bone tissue regeneration following severe composite musculoskeletal injury. Although this study is conducted in a clinically relevant composite injury model in rats using a simultaneous release strategy, future studies are necessary to test the regenerative potential of spatiotemporally controlled delivery of triple growth factors on bone healing using large animal models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Volumetric muscle loss combined with delayed union or non-union bone defect causes deleterious effects on bone regeneration even with the supplementation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). In this study, the controlled delivery of dual angiogenic growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] + Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]) increases vascular growth in vitro. Co-delivering VEGF+PDGF significantly increase the bone formation efficacy of low-dose BMP-2 and improves the mechanics of regenerated bone in a challenging composite bone-muscle injury model.
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Subbiah R, Thrivikraman G, Parthiban SP, Jones JM, Athirasala A, Xie H, Bertassoni LE. Prevascularized hydrogels with mature vascular networks promote the regeneration of critical-size calvarial bone defects in vivo. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:219-231. [PMID: 33434398 DOI: 10.1002/term.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adequate vascularization of scaffolds is a prerequisite for successful repair and regeneration of lost and damaged tissues. It has been suggested that the maturity of engineered vascular capillaries, which is largely determined by the presence of functional perivascular mural cells (or pericytes), plays a vital role in maintaining vessel integrity during tissue repair and regeneration. Here, we investigated the role of pericyte-supported-engineered capillaries in regenerating bone in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model. Prior to implantation, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) were cocultured in a collagen hydrogel to induce endothelial cell morphogenesis into microcapillaries and hBMSC differentiation into pericytes. Upon implantation into the calvarial bone defects (8 mm), the prevascularized hydrogels showed better bone formation than either untreated controls or defects treated with autologous bone grafts (positive control). Bone formation parameters such as bone volume, coverage area, and vascularity were significantly better in the prevascularized hydrogel group than in the autologous bone group. Our results demonstrate that tissue constructs engineered with pericyte-supported vascular capillaries may approximate the regenerative capacity of autologous bone, despite the absence of osteoinductive or vasculogenic growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subbiah
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Greeshma Thrivikraman
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - S Prakash Parthiban
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - James M Jones
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Avathamsa Athirasala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hua Xie
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research (CEDAR) Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Embedding cells within nanoscale, rapidly mineralizing hydrogels: A new paradigm to engineer cell-laden bone-like tissue. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107636. [PMID: 33039511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineralization is a highly specific and dynamic nanoscale process that has been studied extensively from a structural, chemical, and biological standpoint. Bone tissue, therefore, may be defined by the interplay of its intricately mineralized matrix and the cells that regulate its biological function. However, the far majority of engineered bone model systems and bone replacement materials have been unable to replicate this key characteristic of bone tissue; that is, the ability of cells to be gradually and rapidly embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) heavily calcified matrix material. Here we review the characteristics that define the bone matrix from a nanostructural perspective. We then revisit the benefits and challenges of existing model systems and engineered bone replacement materials, and discuss recent efforts to replicate the biological, cellular, mechanical, and materials characteristics of bone tissue on the nano- to microscale. We pay particular attention to a recently proposed method developed by our group, which seeks to replicate key aspects of the entrapment of bone cells within a mineralized matrix with precisions down to the level of individual nano-crystallites, inclusive of the bone vasculature, and osteogenic differentiation process. In summary, this paper discusses existing and emerging evidence pointing towards future developments bridging the gap between the fields of biomineralization, structural biology, stem cells, and tissue engineering, which we believe will hold the key to engineer truly functional bone-like tissue in the laboratory.
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Cell-modified bioprinted microspheres for vascular regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110896. [PMID: 32409053 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy is a promising strategy in which living cells or cellular materials are delivered to treat a variety of diseases. Here, we developed an electrospray bioprinting method to rapidly generate cell-laden hydrogel microspheres, which limit the migration of the captured cells and provide an immunologically privileged microenvironment for cell survival in vivo. Currently, therapeutic angiogenesis aims to induce collateral vessel formation after limb ischemia. However, the clinical application of gene and cell therapy has been impeded by concerns regarding its inefficacy, as well as the associated risk of immunogenicity and oncogenicity. In this study, hydrogel microspheres encapsulating VEGF-overexpressing HEK293T cells showed good safety via subcutaneously injecting into male C57BL/6 mice. In addition, these cell-modified microspheres effectively promoted angiogenesis in a mouse hind-limb ischemia model. Therefore, we demonstrated the great therapeutic potential of this approach to induce angiogenesis in limb ischemia, indicating that bioprinting has a bright future in cell therapy.
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Dual functional approaches for osteogenesis coupled angiogenesis in bone tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109761. [PMID: 31349418 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture healing is a multistep and overlapping process of inflammation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis. It is initiated by inflammation, causing the release of various cytokines and growth factors. It leads to the recruitment of stem cells and formation of vasculature resulting in the functional bone formation. This combined phenomenon is used by bone tissue engineers from past few years to address the problem of vasculature and osteogenic differentiation during bone regeneration. In this review, we have discussed all major studies reporting the dual functioning approach to promote osteogenesis coupled angiogenesis using various scaffolds. These scaffolds are broadly classified into four types based on the nature of their structural and functional components. The functionality of the scaffold is either due to the structural components or the loaded cargo which conducts or induces the coupled functionality. Dual delivery system for osteoinductive and angioinductive factors ensures the co-delivery of two different types of molecules to induce osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Single delivery scaffold for angioinductive and osteoinductive molecule releases single type of molecules which could induce both angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Osteoconductive scaffold consisted of bone constituents releases angioinductive factors. Osteoconductive and angioconductive scaffold composed of components which provide the native substrate features for osteogenesis and angiogenesis. This review article also discusses the studies highlighting the synergism of physico-chemical stimuli as dual functioning feature to enhance angiogenesis and osteogenesis simultaneously. In addition, this article covers one of the least discussed area of the bone regeneration i.e. 'cartilage formation as a median between angiogenesis and osteogenesis'.
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Subbiah R, Guldberg RE. Materials Science and Design Principles of Growth Factor Delivery Systems in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801000. [PMID: 30398700 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules that direct cell development by providing biochemical cues for stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. GFs play a key role in tissue regeneration, but one major limitation of GF-based therapies is dosage-related adverse effects. Additionally, the clinical applications and efficacy of GFs are significantly affected by the efficiency of delivery systems and other pharmacokinetic factors. Hence, it is crucial to design delivery systems that provide optimal activity, stability, and tunable delivery for GFs. Understanding the physicochemical properties of the GFs and the biomaterials utilized for the development of biomimetic GF delivery systems is critical for GF-based regeneration. Many different delivery systems have been developed to achieve tunable delivery kinetics for single or multiple GFs. The identification of ideal biomaterials with tunable properties for spatiotemporal delivery of GFs is still challenging. This review characterizes the types, properties, and functions of GFs, the materials science of widely used biomaterials, and various GF loading strategies to comprehensively summarize the current delivery systems for tunable spatiotemporal delivery of GFs aimed for tissue regeneration applications. This review concludes by discussing fundamental design principles for GF delivery vehicles based on the interactive physicochemical properties of the proteins and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subbiah
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact; 6231 University of Oregon; Eugene OR 97403 USA
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Lin ZYW, Wong KKY, Lin M, Yildirimer L, Zhao X. Electrospun polymeric micro/nanofibrous scaffolds for long-term drug release and their biomedical applications. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1351-1366. [PMID: 28552498 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrospun polymeric micro/nanofibrous scaffolds have been investigated extensively as drug delivery platforms capable of controlled and sustained release of therapeutic agents in situ. Such scaffolds exhibit excellent physicochemical and biological properties and can encapsulate and release various drugs in a controlled fashion. This article reviews recent advances in the design and manufacture of electrospun scaffolds for long-term drug release, placing particular emphasis on polymer selection, types of incorporated drugs and the latest drug-loading techniques. Finally, applications of such devices in traumatic or disease states requiring effective and sustained drug action are discussed and critically appraised in their biomedical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhi Yuan William Lin
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kenneth K Y Wong
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Min Lin
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Lara Yildirimer
- Barnet General Hospital, Royal Free NHS Trust Hospital, Wellhouse Lane, Barnet EN5 3DJ, London, UK.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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Subbiah R, Hwang MP, Van SY, Do SH, Park H, Lee K, Kim SH, Yun K, Park K. Osteogenic/angiogenic dual growth factor delivery microcapsules for regeneration of vascularized bone tissue. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1982-92. [PMID: 26138344 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors (GFs) are major biochemical cues for tissue regeneration. Herein, a novel dual GF delivery system is designed composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and alginate microcapsules (MCs) via an electrodropping method. While bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 is encapsulated in the PLGA NPs, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is included in the alginate MCs, where BMP-2-loaded PLGA NPs are entrapped together in the fabrication process. The initial loading efficiencies of BMP-2 and VEGF are 78% ± 3.6% and 43% ± 1.7%, respectively. When our dual GF-loaded MCs are assessed for in vitro osteogenesis of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) on 2D and 3D environment, MCs contribute to much better UCB-MSCs osteogenesis as confirmed by von Kossa staining, immunofluorescence (osteocalcin, collagen 1), calcium content measurement, and osteogenic markers expression. In addition, when dual GF-encapsulated MCs are combined with collagen and then applied to 8 mm diameter rat calvarial defect model, the positive effects on vascularized bone regeneration are much more pronounced; micro computed tomography (CT) and histology analyses exhibit 82.3% bone healing coupled with 12.6% vessel occupied area. Put together, current study indicates a synergistic effect of BMP-2/VEGF and highlights the great potential of dual GF delivery modality (PLGA NPs-in-MC) for regeneration of vascularized bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subbiah
- Center for Biomaterials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejon 305-333 South Korea
| | - Mintai Peter Hwang
- Center for Biomaterials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 South Korea
| | - Se Young Van
- Center for Biomaterials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejon 305-333 South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Do
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 South Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- School of Integrative Engineering; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 156-756 South Korea
| | - Kangwon Lee
- Center for Biomaterials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejon 305-333 South Korea
| | - Sang Heon Kim
- Center for Biomaterials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejon 305-333 South Korea
| | - Kyusik Yun
- College of Bionanotechnology; Gachon University; Seongnam 461-701 South Korea
| | - Kwideok Park
- Center for Biomaterials; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 136-791 South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Korea University of Science and Technology (UST); Daejon 305-333 South Korea
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Bayer EA, Gottardi R, Fedorchak MV, Little SR. The scope and sequence of growth factor delivery for vascularized bone tissue regeneration. J Control Release 2015; 219:129-140. [PMID: 26264834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a complex process, that in vivo, requires the highly coordinated presentation of biochemical cues to promote the various stages of angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Taking inspiration from the natural healing process, a wide variety of growth factors are currently being released within next generation tissue engineered scaffolds (in a variety of ways) in order to heal non-union fractures and bone defects. This review will focus on the delivery of multiple growth factors to the bone regeneration niche, specifically 1) dual growth factor delivery signaling and crosstalk, 2) the importance of growth factor timing and temporal separation, and 3) the engineering of delivery systems that allow for temporal control over presentation of soluble growth factors. Alternative methods for growth factor presentation, including the use of gene therapy and platelet-rich plasma scaffolds, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Bayer
- The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, USA
| | - R Gottardi
- The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Chemical Engineering, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, USA; RiMED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - M V Fedorchak
- The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Chemical Engineering, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Ophthalmology, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, USA
| | - S R Little
- The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Bioengineering, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Chemical Engineering, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, Department of Immunology, USA; The University of Pittsburgh, The McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, USA.
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