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Lin G, Gao J, Zou J, Li D, Cui Y, Liu Y, Kong L, Liu S. Whole-Genome Sequence and Characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum MLY102 Isolated from Infected Tobacco Stalks. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1473. [PMID: 39596673 PMCID: PMC11593729 DOI: 10.3390/genes15111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Revised: 11/06/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Bacterial wilt disease is a soil-borne disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum that causes huge losses to crop economies worldwide. METHODS In this work, strain MLY102 was isolated and further identified as R. solanacearum from a diseased tobacco stalk. The genomic properties of MLY102 were explored by performing biochemical characterization, genome sequencing, compositional analysis, functional annotation and comparative genomic analysis. RESULTS MLY102 had a pinkish-red color in the center of the colony surrounded by a milky-white liquid with fluidity on TTC medium. The biochemical results revealed that MLY102 can utilize carbon sources, including D-glucose (dGLU), cane sugar (SAC) and D-trehalose dihydrate (dTRE). Genome sequencing through the DNBSEQ and PacBio platforms revealed a genome size of 5.72 Mb with a G+C content of 67.59%. The genome consists of a circular chromosome and a circular giant plasmid with 5283 protein-coding genes. A comparison of the genomes revealed that MLY102 is closely related to GMI1000 and CMR15 but has 498 special genes and 13 homologous genes in the species-specific gene family, indicating a high degree of genomic uniqueness. CONCLUSIONS The unique characteristics and genomic data of MLY102 can provide important reference values for the prevention and control of bacterial wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Lin
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (G.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Juntao Gao
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (G.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Junxian Zou
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (G.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Denghui Li
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (G.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Yu Cui
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (G.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (G.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Shiwang Liu
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (G.L.); (J.G.); (J.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.C.); (S.L.)
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Gupta RK, Singh AK, Bajaj A, Khardenavis AA, Purohit HJ. Phylogenomic analysis of Citrobacter sp. strain AAK_AS5 and its metabolic capabilities to support nitrogen removal behavior. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:359-376. [PMID: 36453555 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of the genus Citrobacter in clinical, industrial, and environmental scenarios, a large number of Citrobacter strains have not been explored at the genome-scale level. In this study, accurate taxonomic assignment of strain AAK_AS5 isolated from activated sludge was achieved by in-silico genomic comparison using Overall Genome-based Relatedness Indices (ANI(OAT): 97.55%, ANIb:97.28%, and ANIm: 97.83%) that indicated its closest identity to the related strain Citrobacter portucalensis A60T . Results were consistent with a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 80% with C. portucalensis A60T which was greater than the species boundary value >70% for delineating closely related bacterial species. Gene mining through Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and annotation using rapid annotation subsystem technology (RAST) revealed the notable gene contents for nitrogen metabolism and other pathways associated with nitrate/nitrite ammonification (28 genes), ammonia assimilation (22 genes), and denitrification pathways (14 genes). Furthermore, the strain AAK_AS5 also exhibited a high soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD), NH4 + -N, and NO3 - -N removal efficiency of 91.4%, 90%, and 93.6%, respectively thus validating its genetic capability for utilizing both (NH4 )2 SO4 and KNO3 as the nitrogen source. The study provided deeper insights into the phylogenomics and the genetic potential of Citrobacter, sp. strain AAK AS5 associated with nitrogen metabolism thus signifying the potential application of the isolate for treating nitrogen-rich wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Gupta
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ashish K Singh
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abhay Bajaj
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anshuman A Khardenavis
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division (EBGD), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, India
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Suraby EJ, Sruthi KB, Antony G. Genome-wide identification of type III effectors and other virulence factors in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum causing bacterial wilt in ginger (Zingiber officinale). Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1371-1388. [PMID: 35879566 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum causes bacterial wilt in ginger, reducing ginger production worldwide. We sequenced the whole genome of a highly virulent phylotype I, race 4, biovar 3 Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum strain GRsMep isolated from a severely infected ginger field in India. R. pseudosolanacearum GRsMep genome is organised into two replicons: chromosome and megaplasmid with a total genome size of 5,810,605 bp. This strain encodes approximately 72 effectors which include a combination of core effectors as well as highly variable, diverse repertoire of type III effectors. Comparative genome analysis with GMI1000 identified conservation in the genes involved in the general virulence mechanism. Our analysis identified type III effectors, RipBJ and RipBO as present in GRsMep but absent in the reported genomes of other strains infecting Zingiberaceae family. GRsMep contains 126 unique genes when compared to the pangenome of the Ralstonia strains that infect the Zingiberaceae family. The whole-genome data of R. pseudosolanacearum strain will serve as a resource for exploring the evolutionary processes that structure and regulate the virulence determinants of the strain. Pathogenicity testing of the transposon insertional mutant library of GRsMep through virulence assay on ginger plants identified a few candidate virulence determinants specific to bacterial wilt in ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinjery Jose Suraby
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - K Bharathan Sruthi
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
| | - Ginny Antony
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Periye, 671320, Kasaragod, Kerala, India.
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Geng R, Cheng L, Cao C, Liu Z, Liu D, Xiao Z, Wu X, Huang Z, Feng Q, Luo C, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Jiang C, Ren M, Yang A. Comprehensive Analysis Reveals the Genetic and Pathogenic Diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex and Benefits Its Taxonomic Classification. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854792. [PMID: 35602040 PMCID: PMC9121018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) is a diverse group of plant pathogens that attack a wide range of hosts and cause devastating losses worldwide. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 131 RSSC strains to detect their genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and evolution dynamics. Average nucleotide identity analysis was performed to explore the genomic relatedness among these strains, and finally obtained an open pangenome with 32,961 gene families. To better understand the diverse evolution and pathogenicity, we also conducted a series of analyses of virulence factors (VFs) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the pangenome and at the single genome level. The distribution of VFs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) showed significant differences among different groups and strains, which were consistent with the new nomenclatures of the RSSC with three distinct species. Further functional analysis showed that most HGT events conferred from Burkholderiales and played a great role in shaping the genomic plasticity and genetic diversity of RSSC genomes. Our work provides insights into the genetic polymorphism, evolution dynamics, and pathogenetic variety of RSSC and provides strong supports for the new taxonomic classification, as well as abundant resources for studying host specificity and pathogen emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Geng
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lirui Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Changdai Cao
- Shandong Rizhao Tobacco Company Ltd., Rizhao, China
| | - Zhengwen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuming Wu
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenrui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization of Guangdong, Crops Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanfu Feng
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenggang Luo
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Engineering and Technology Research Center for Tobacco Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization of Guangdong, Crops Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Ren
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Min Ren,
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory for Tobacco Gene Resources, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Aiguo Yang,
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Yildirir G, Sperschneider J, Malar C M, Chen ECH, Iwasaki W, Cornell C, Corradi N. Long reads and Hi-C sequencing illuminate the two-compartment genome of the model arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiont Rhizophagus irregularis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1097-1107. [PMID: 34747029 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome folding links genome structure with gene function by generating distinct nuclear compartments and topologically associating domains. In mammals, these undergo preferential interactions and regulate gene expression. However, their role in fungal genome biology is unclear. Here, we combine Nanopore (ONT) sequencing with chromatin conformation capture sequencing (Hi-C) to reveal chromosome and epigenetic diversity in a group of obligate plant symbionts: the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We find that five phylogenetically distinct strains of the model AMF Rhizophagus irregularis carry 33 chromosomes with substantial within-species variability in size, as well as in gene and repeat content. Strain-specific Hi-C contact maps reveal a 'checkerboard' pattern that underline two dominant euchromatin (A) and heterochromatin (B) compartments. Each compartment differs in the level of gene transcription, regulation of candidate effectors and methylation frequencies. The A-compartment is more gene-dense and contains most core genes, while the B-compartment is more repeat-rich and has higher rates of chromosomal rearrangement. While the B-compartment is transcriptionally repressed, it has significantly more secreted proteins and in planta upregulated candidate effectors, suggesting a possible host-induced change in chromosome conformation. Overall, this study provides a fine-scale view into the genome biology and evolution of model plant symbionts, and opens avenues to study the epigenetic mechanisms that modify chromosome folding during host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökalp Yildirir
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 260, Australia
| | - Mathu Malar C
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Eric C H Chen
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1113-0033, Japan
| | - Wataru Iwasaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1113-0033, Japan
| | - Calvin Cornell
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Corradi
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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Gonçalves OS, Campos KF, de Assis JCS, Fernandes AS, Souza TS, do Carmo Rodrigues LG, Queiroz MVD, Santana MF. Transposable elements contribute to the genome plasticity of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 32379020 PMCID: PMC7371123 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive genetic diversity of Ralstonia solanacearum, a serious soil-borne phytopathogen, has led to the concept that R. solanacearum encompasses a species complex [R. solanacearum species complex (RSSC)]. Insertion sequences (ISs) are suggested to play an important role in the genome evolution of this pathogen. Here, we identified and analysed transposable elements (TEs), ISs and transposons, in 106 RSSC genomes and 15 Ralstonia spp. We mapped 10 259 IS elements in the complete genome of 62 representative RSSC strains and closely related Ralstonia spp. A unique set of 20 IS families was widespread across the strains, IS5 and IS3 being the most abundant. Our results showed six novel transposon sequences belonging to the Tn3 family carrying passenger genes encoding antibiotic resistance and avirulence proteins. In addition, internal rearrangement events associated with ISs were demonstrated in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum strains. We also mapped IS elements interrupting avirulence genes, which provided evidence that ISs plays an important role in virulence evolution of RSSC. Additionally, the activity of ISs was demonstrated by transcriptome analysis and DNA hybridization in R. solanacearum isolates. Altogether, we have provided collective data of TEs in RSSC genomes, opening a new path for understanding their evolutionary impact on the genome evolution and diversity of this important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiel Silva Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Kiara França Campos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Catarine Silva de Assis
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Alexia Suellen Fernandes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Thamires Santos Souza
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme do Carmo Rodrigues
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Marisa Vieira de Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Ferreira Santana
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária (BIOAGRO), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brazil
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Tan X, Qiu H, Li F, Cheng D, Zheng X, Wang B, Huang M, Li W, Li Y, Sang K, Song B, Du J, Chen H, Xie C. Complete Genome Sequence of Sequevar 14M Ralstonia solanacearum Strain HA4-1 Reveals Novel Type III Effectors Acquired Through Horizontal Gene Transfer. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1893. [PMID: 31474968 PMCID: PMC6703095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes bacterial wilt in a broad range of plants, is considered a "species complex" due to its significant genetic diversity. Recently, we have isolated a new R. solanacearum strain HA4-1 from Hong'an county in Hubei province of China and identified it being phylotype I, sequevar 14M (phylotype I-14M). Interestingly, we found that it can cause various disease symptoms among different potato genotypes and display different pathogenic behavior compared to a phylogenetically related strain, GMI1000. To dissect the pathogenic mechanisms of HA4-1, we sequenced its whole genome by combined sequencing technologies including Illumina HiSeq2000, PacBio RS II, and BAC-end sequencing. Genome assembly results revealed the presence of a conventional chromosome, a megaplasmid as well as a 143 kb plasmid in HA4-1. Comparative genome analysis between HA4-1 and GMI1000 shows high conservation of the general virulence factors such as secretion systems, motility, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and key regulatory factors, but significant variation in the repertoire and structure of type III effectors, which could be the determinants of their differential pathogenesis in certain potato species or genotypes. We have identified two novel type III effectors that were probably acquired through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These novel R. solanacearum effectors display homology to several YopJ and XopAC family members. We named them as RipBR and RipBS. Notably, the copy of RipBR on the plasmid is a pseudogene, while the other on the megaplasmid is normal. For RipBS, there are three copies located in the megaplasmid and plasmid, respectively. Our results have not only enriched the genome information on R. solanacearum species complex by sequencing the first sequevar 14M strain and the largest plasmid reported in R. solanacearum to date but also revealed the variation in the repertoire of type III effectors. This will greatly contribute to the future studies on the pathogenic evolution, host adaptation, and interaction between R. solanacearum and potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Huishan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Xueao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Bingsen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Mengshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Kangqi Sang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Huilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
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