Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) polymorphisms and breast cancer risk

Understanding genetic variations associated with familial breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women. Genetics are the main risk factor for breast cancer. Statistics show that 15-25% of breast cancers are inherited among those with cancer-prone relatives. BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, CDH1, PTEN, and STK11 are the most frequent genes for familial breast cancer, which occurs 80% of the time. In rare situations, moderate-penetrance gene mutations such CHEK2, BRIP1, ATM, and PALB2 contribute 2-3%.

METHODS

A search of the PubMed database was carried out spanning from 2005 to July 2024, yielding a total of 768 articles that delve into the realm of familial breast cancer, concerning genes and genetic syndromes. After exclusion 150 articles were included in the final review.

RESULTS

We report on a set of 20 familial breast cancer -associated genes into high, moderate, and low penetrance levels. Additionally, 10 genetic disorders were found to be linked with familial breast cancer.

CONCLUSION

Familial breast cancer has been linked to several genetic diseases and mutations, according to studies. Screening for genetic disorders is recommended by National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommendations. Evaluation of breast cancer candidate variations and risk loci may improve individual risk assessment. Only high- and moderate-risk gene variations have clinical guidelines, whereas low-risk gene variants require additional investigation. With increasing use of NGS technology, more linkage with rare genes is being discovered.

Co-expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and Motility-related Protein-1 (MRP-1/CD9) in Human Breast Cancer

Background: Controversial evidence exists regarding the metastasis-suppressor or promoting activity of motility-related protein-1 (MRP-1/CD9) in breast cancer (BC). Objectives: we aimed at investigating the possible correlation of CD9 with a metastasis marker matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in human BC tissues. Methods: A total of 19 BC and 5 normal breast tissues were analyzed. The mRNA expression of CD9 and MMP9 was measured by quantitative PCR. The correlation of genes’ expression with each other and clinicopathological features (i. e. tumor pathology, grade, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), P53, and KI67) was tested by relevant statistical analysis methods. Results: There was no significant difference between patients with BC and the control group regarding the expression of MMP9 (P = 0.394) and CD9 (P = 0.887). A significant strong positive correlation was observed between CD9 and MMP-9 expressions (r = 0.761 and P = 0.0002). The MMP9 expression was significantly higher in ER or PR positive compared to ER or PR negative tumors (P = 0.046). Conclusions: Given the strong correlation with MMP9, it seems that CD9 might have a role in metastasis in human BC. However, much more studies are required to further support this hypothesis.

Gene polymorphisms of Interleukin 6 (−174 G/C) and transforming growth factor β-1(+915 G/C) in ovarian cancer patients

Background

In the study on hand, we investigated the effect of IL-6 (−174 G/C; rs 1800795) and TGF-β1 (+915G/C; rs 1800471) gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility to Ovarian Cancer and their effect on plasma levels. IL-6 (−174 G/C) SNP was analyzed using mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction (MS-PCR) while TGF-β1 +915G/C (codon 25) SNP was investigated by the sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify IL-6 and TGF-β1 plasma levels in 48 ovarian cancer patients and 48 normal controls.

Results

Regarding IL 6 (−174 G/C), a significant increase in CC and GC+CC genotypes parallel with the C allele was considered as risk factors for ovarian cancer; on the other hand, the G allele was considered as a protective factor for ovarian cancer. TGF-β1 (+915G/C) investigations showed a significant elevation in GC and GC+CC genotypes which can be considered as a risk factor for ovarian cancer. Plasma IL-6 and TGF-β1 were higher in ovarian cancer patients compared with controls. No specific genotype or allele could be responsible for the elevation of TGF-β1 in ovarian cancer patients’ plasma, while the highest significant value for IL6 in subjects carrying GG and CC genotypes in comparison with GC genotype.

Conclusions

This study supports an association of IL6 (−174G/C) and TGF-β1 (+915G/C) gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to ovarian cancer.

Association of TGF-β1 Polymorphisms with Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies †

Reports on the association of TGF-β1 polymorphisms with breast cancer (BC) have been conflicting, inconsistent, inconclusive, and controversial. PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were used to identify studies on TGF-β1 polymorphisms and BC risk. Data were extracted independently, and of the initial 3043 studies, 39 case-control studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Information from these studies was extracted, and the overall associations of three TGF-β1 polymorphisms (TGF-β1 29>T/C, TGF-β1-509 C/T, and TGF-β1*6A) with BC risk were analyzed using overall allele, homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, and dominant models. None of the three TGF-β1 polymorphisms studied had a significant influence on the development of BC. However, stratified analysis revealed a positive correlation between the TGF-β1 29T>C polymorphism and BC risk according to a heterozygous model of the Asian population (odds ratio (OR) = 1.115, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.006–1.237, p = 0.039). Interestingly, this polymorphism was associated with lower odds of BC according to a heterozygous model of the Middle Eastern population (OR = 0.602, 95% CI = 0.375–0.966, p = 0.035). Thus, our analysis of large datasets indicates that the TGF-β1 29T>C polymorphism is significantly associated with BC risk in the Asian population. In contrast, the TGF-β1*6A and TGF-β1-509 C/T polymorphisms failed to show an association with BC.

Genetic and molecular biology of breast cancer among Iranian patients

Abstract

Background, Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths in Iran. This high ratio of mortality had a rising trend during the recent years which is probably associated with late diagnosis.

Main body

Therefore it is critical to define a unique panel of genetic markers for the early detection among our population. In present review we summarized all of the reported significant genetic markers among Iranian BC patients for the first time, which are categorized based on their cellular functions.

Conclusions

This review paves the way of introducing a unique ethnic specific panel of diagnostic markers among Iranian BC patients. Indeed, this review can also clarify the genetic and molecular bases of BC progression among Iranians.

Umbelliprenin shows antitumor, antiangiogenesis, antimetastatic, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities in 4T1 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice

Umbelliprenin (UMB) has shown various pharmacological properties in vitro. We investigated the antineoplastic and immunostimulatory effects of UMB in 4T1 mammary-tumor-bearing mice. Two-hundred microliter of UMB (12.5 mg/ml) was intraperitoneally administrated to healthy and tumor-bearing female Balb/c mice for a period of 18 days. Data was analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5 software for Windows (version 5, La Jolla, CA). UMB caused a significant decrease in tumor size (P < 0.01). Serum interferon gamma (IFNγ) was augmented in both healthy and tumor-bearing animals (P < 0.01), and IL-4 declined in healthy animals (P < 0.01) treated with UMB. Expressions of Ki-67, VEGF, CD31, MMP2, MMP9, VCAM1, and NF-κB were significantly decreased in tumors from UMB-treated animals (P < 0.001), whereas E-Cadherin and TNFR1 expressions were markedly increased (P < 0.001). The rates of liver and lung metastases in UMB-administrated animals were smaller compared to the control. UMB can potently inhibit tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and inflammation and potentiate an antitumor immune response in vivo. However, further investigations are required to evaluate the UMB mechanisms of action in cancerous cells.

Polymorphisms of -800G/A and +915G/C in TGF-β1 gene and lung cancer susceptibility

We studied the relationship between the polymorphisms of −800G/A and +915G/C in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene and lung cancer susceptibility. The sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) technique was used to test 156 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients that were selected as the observation group and 156 patients with pneumonia and tuberculosis that were selected as the control group (age and gender 1:1 proximal matching principle) and the polymorphisms of the first exon −800G/A and +915G/C TGF-β1 genes. The expression of TGF-β1 levels in peripheral blood was detected using ELISA. The proportion of −800G/A gene AA subtype and A allelic gene in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, while the proportion of +915G/C gene CC subtype and C allelic gene was also significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The cancer risk [odds ratio (OR)] of patients with A allelic gene in −800G/A gene was 4.8 (95% CI=2.563–6.537, P<0.05), while the cancer risk (OR) of patients with C allelic gene in +915G/C gene was 4.7 (95% CI=2.317–5.864, P<0.05). The serum TGF-β1 expression levels of −800G/A gene AA subtype in the observation group was significantly higher than the GG type, GA type and the control group, while the TGF-β1 level of +915G/C gene CC subtype was significantly higher than the GG type, GC type and the control group (P<0.05). Therefore, the polymorphisms of −800G/A and +915G/C in TGF-β1 gene are closely related to the lung cancer susceptibility.

Gene expression profiling of the 8q22-24 position in human breast cancer: TSPYL5, MTDH, ATAD2 and CCNE2 genes are implicated in oncogenesis, while WISP1 and EXT1 genes may predict a risk of metastasis

Gene expression profiling has been suggested to predict breast cancer outcome. The prognostic value of the 8q22-24 position in breast cancer remains to be elucidated. The present study evaluated expression patterns of the genes located at this position in metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer. A total of 85 patients with recurrent/metastatic (n=15) and non-metastatic (n=70) early-stage, estrogen receptor-positive and lymph node-negative breast tumors were included. In addition, 15 normal breast tissue samples were used as controls. Demographic and clinical features were recorded. Subsequently, mRNA copy numbers of exostosin glycosyltransferase 1 (EXT1), WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1), ATPase family, AAA domain containing 2 (ATAD2), TSP-like 5 (TSPYL5), metadherin (MTDH) and cyclin E2 (CCNE2) genes were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. The expression of EXT1 and WISP1 exhibited a significant decline in the metastatic breast cancer group compared to the control (P=0.015 and P=0.012, respectively). The expression of TSPYL5, MTDH and ATAD2 was significantly decreased in the metastatic (P=0.002, P=0.018 and P=0.016, respectively) and non-metastatic (P=0.038, P=0.045 and P=0.000, respectively) breast cancer groups compared with the control. The expression of CCNE2 in the metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer groups was significantly increased compared with the control (P=0.002 and P=0.001, respectively). WISP1 expression demonstrated a correlation with patient age and tumor size, and TSPYL5 expression was correlated with lymphovascular invasion. None of the genes investigated exhibited any correlation with stage and grade of disease. The TSPYL5, MTDH, ATAD2 and CCNE2 genes may be implicated in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer, while the WISP1 and EXT1 genes may have the potential to serve as promising indicators of the risk of metastasis. However, further studies are required to validate these results.

Association study of TGFBR2 and miR-518 gene polymorphisms with age at natural menopause, premature ovarian failure, and early menopause among Chinese Han women

Age at natural menopause (ANM), a highly heritable phenotype, has been identified to be closely associated with major hormone-related diseases, including breast cancer and gynecological cancers. We previously identified an important role for the transforming growth factor, β receptor II (TGFBR2) gene polymorphisms in breast cancer susceptibility among Asian women. Considering the important role of ANM in breast carcinogenesis, we hypothesized that TGFBR2 signals were involved in the formation of natural menopause.In a population-based study of 1844 Chinese women, we evaluated the effect of the genetic polymorphisms of TGFBR2 and miR-518 to determine if they are associated with ANM, premature ovarian failure (POF), and early menopause (EM) risk.No significant differences in the distribution of body mass index, education levels, smoking, drinking, and hypertension were detected between POF and EM cases and controls except for POF cases that were older (P = 0.015) than controls and more likely to have dyslipidemia (P = 0.002). The results showed that miR-518 rs7256241 was significantly associated with ANM. The carriers of minor allele G of rs7256241 have significantly higher ANM than those of the major allele homozygotes TT (β = 0.385, P = 0.035). TGFBR2 rs3773661 was significantly associated with POF, with odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 0.66 (0.47-0.94) associated with per minor allele C (P = 0.023). The quartiles of genetic risk score were significantly associated with POF (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.02-1.58; Ptrend = 0.034). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings and no significant interactions were detected.This study provides evidence to implicate TGFBR2 and miR-518 gene polymorphisms as novel susceptibility factors for ANM, POF, and EM in Asians. Further research on these genetic regions will enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of natural menopause.

Two faces of TGF-beta1 in breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is potentially life-threatening malignancy that still causes high mortality among women. Scientific research in this field is focused on deeper understanding of pathogenesis and progressing of BC, in order to develop relevant diagnosis and improve therapeutic treatment. Multifunctional cytokine TGF- β 1 is one of many factors that have a direct influence on BC pathophysiology. Expression of TGF- β 1, induction of canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways, and mutations in genes encoding TGF- β 1 and its receptors are correlated with oncogenic activity of this cytokine. In early stages of BC this cytokine inhibits epithelial cell cycle progression and promotes apoptosis, showing tumor suppressive effects. However, in late stages, TGF- β 1 is linked with increased tumor progression, higher cell motility, cancer invasiveness, and metastasis. It is also involved in cancer microenvironment modification and promotion of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the phenomenon called "TGF- β 1 paradox", showing that better understanding of TGF- β 1 functions can be a step towards development of new therapeutic approaches. According to current knowledge several drugs against TGF- β 1 have been developed and are either in nonclinical or in early stages of clinical investigation.