Cbl-b accelerates trypsin-induced cell detachment through ubiquitination and degradation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2

Reduced Proline-Rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 Promotes Tumor Metastasis by Activating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) is involved in the occurrence, proliferation, migration, and invasion of various tumors. However, few studies have reported the role of PYK2 in colorectal cancer (CRC).

AIM

To explore the effects of PYK2 on CRC metastasis and elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms involved.

METHODS

The expression and prognosis value of PYK2 in CRC prognosis were analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). PYK2 was knocked down or overexpressed in human CRC cell line, HCT116. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cycle changes were analyzed using CCK-8, Transwell, and flow cytometry assays. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to detect the mRNA and protein levels of cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) indicators. Fluorescence staining was performed to examine the cytoskeleton.

RESULTS

Lower expression of PYK2 was observed in CRC tissues and associated with poor prognosis and metastasis in patients with CRC in TCGA database. PYK2 knockdown significantly induced the migration and invasion of CRC cells but did not affect cell proliferation or cycle. Immunofluorescence staining of phalloidin showed that the downregulation of PYK2 increased the cytoskeleton in CRC cells. Moreover, low expression of PYK2 induced the downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of snail and vimentin by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, thus promoting EMT in CRC cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Low PYK2 expression was found in tumor tissues, especially metastases, and significantly correlated with patient prognosis. Moreover, decreased PYK2 induces EMT by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is the potential mechanism of CRC metastasis. Regulating the expression of PYK2 to suppress tumor cell metastasis may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for metastatic CRC.

The role of CBL family ubiquitin ligases in cancer progression and therapeutic strategies

The CBL (Casitas B-lineage lymphoma) family, as a class of ubiquitin ligases, can regulate signal transduction and activate receptor tyrosine kinases through various tyrosine kinase-dependent pathways. There are three members of the family: c-CBL, CBL-b, and CBL-c. Numerous studies have demonstrated the important role of CBL in various cellular pathways, particularly those involved in the occurrence and progression of cancer, hematopoietic development, and regulation of T cell receptors. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to comprehensively summarize the function and regulatory role of CBL family proteins in different human tumors, as well as the progress of drug research targeting CBL family, so as to provide a broader clinical measurement strategy for the treatment of tumors.

UPS: Opportunities and challenges for gastric cancer treatment

Gastric cancer remains the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide owning to the lack of efficient drugs and targets for therapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that UPS, which consists of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes and proteasome, plays an important role in the GC tumorigenesis. The imbalance of UPS impairs the protein homeostasis network during development of GC. Therefore, modulating these enzymes and proteasome may be a promising strategy for GC target therapy. Besides, PROTAC, a strategy using UPS to degrade the target protein, is an emerging tool for drug development. Thus far, more and more PROTAC drugs enter clinical trials for cancer therapy. Here, we will analyze the abnormal expression enzymes in UPS and summarize the E3 enzymes which can be developed in PROTAC so that it can contribute to the development of UPS modulator and PROTAC technology for GC therapy.

The Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 in Brain Function and Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases

Pyk2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase highly enriched in forebrain neurons. Pyk2 is closely related to focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which plays an important role in sensing cell contacts with extracellular matrix and other extracellular signals controlling adhesion and survival. Pyk2 shares some of FAK’s characteristics including recruitment of Src-family kinases after autophosphorylation, scaffolding by interacting with multiple partners, and activation of downstream signaling pathways. Pyk2, however, has the unique property to respond to increases in intracellular free Ca²⁺, which triggers its autophosphorylation following stimulation of various receptors including glutamate NMDA receptors. Pyk2 is dephosphorylated by the striatal-enriched phosphatase (STEP) that is highly expressed in the same neuronal populations. Pyk2 localization in neurons is dynamic, and altered following stimulation, with post-synaptic and nuclear enrichment. As a signaling protein Pyk2 is involved in multiple pathways resulting in sometimes opposing functions depending on experimental models. Thus Pyk2 has a dual role on neurites and dendritic spines. With Src family kinases Pyk2 participates in postsynaptic regulations including of NMDA receptors and is necessary for specific types of synaptic plasticity and spatial memory tasks. The diverse functions of Pyk2 are also illustrated by its role in pathology. Pyk2 is activated following epileptic seizures or ischemia-reperfusion and may contribute to the consequences of these insults whereas Pyk2 deficit may contribute to the hippocampal phenotype of Huntington’s disease. Pyk2 gene, PTK2B, is associated with the risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Studies of underlying mechanisms indicate a complex contribution with involvement in amyloid toxicity and tauopathy, combined with possible functional deficits in neurons and contribution in microglia. A role of Pyk2 has also been proposed in stress-induced depression and cocaine addiction. Pyk2 is also important for the mobility of astrocytes and glioblastoma cells. The implication of Pyk2 in various pathological conditions supports its potential interest for therapeutic interventions. This is possible through molecules inhibiting its activity or increasing it through inhibition of STEP or other means, depending on a precise evaluation of the balance between positive and negative consequences of Pyk2 actions.

Src-family kinase-Cbl axis negatively regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is crucial for immune defense, but improper and excessive activation causes inflammatory diseases. We previously reported that Pyk2 is essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here we show that the Src-family kinases (SFKs)-Cbl axis plays a pivotal role in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to stimulation by nigericin or ATP, as assessed using gene knockout and gene knockdown cells, dominant active/negative mutants, and pharmacological inhibition. We reveal that the phosphorylation of Cbl is regulated by SFKs, and that phosphorylation of Cbl at Tyr371 suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, Cbl decreases the level of phosphorylated Pyk2 (p-Pyk2) through ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation and reduces mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production by contributing to the maintenance of mitochondrial size. The lower levels of p-Pyk2 and mtROS dampen NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In vivo, inhibition of Cbl with an analgesic drug, hydrocotarnine, increases inflammasome-mediated IL-18 secretion in the colon, and protects mice from dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. Together, our novel findings provide new insights into the role of the SFK-Cbl axis in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and identify a novel clinical utility of hydrocortanine for disease treatment.