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Kao DP, Martin JL, Aquilante CL, Shalowitz EL, Leyba K, Kudron E, Reusch JEB, Regensteiner JG. Sex-differences in reporting of statin-associated diabetes mellitus to the US Food and Drug Administration. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2024; 12:e004343. [PMID: 39638563 PMCID: PMC11624814 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasingly recognized as a possible consequence of statin therapy. Secondary analysis of randomized clinical trials and limited observational cohort analyses have suggested that women may be more likely than men to experience statin-associated DM. No analyses of real-world drug safety data addressing this question have been published. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis of spontaneously reported adverse drug events (ADEs) submitted to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System between January 1997 through December 2023. We analyzed cases that mentioned atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, or simvastatin in aggregate as well as cases reporting atorvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin individually. DM events were identified using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. We used the proportional reporting ratio to identify increased rates of statin-associated DM events in women and men compared with all other medications, and the reporting OR to compare reporting rates in women versus men. RESULTS A total of 18,294,814 ADEs were reported during the study period. Among statin-associated ADEs, 14,874/519,209 (2.9%) reports mentioned DM in women compared with 7,411/489,453 (1.5%) in men, which were both significantly higher than background (0.6%). Statins were the primary-suspected or secondary-suspected cause of the ADE significantly more often in women than men (60 vs 30%), and reporting rates were disproportionately higher in women than in men for all statins. (reporting OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.0)). The largest difference in reporting of statin-associated DM between women and women was observed with atorvastatin. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of post-marketing spontaneous ADE reports demonstrated a higher reporting rate of DM-associated with statin use compared with other medications with a significantly higher reporting rate in women compared with men. Future studies should consider mechanisms of statin-associated DM moderated by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Kao
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James L Martin
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christina L Aquilante
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elise L Shalowitz
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katarina Leyba
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kudron
- Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Hussain A, Afzal O, Yasmin S, Haider N, Altamimi AS, Martinez F, Acree WE, Ramzan M. Preferential Solvation Study of Rosuvastatin in the {PEG400 (1) + Water (2)} Cosolvent Mixture and GastroPlus Software-Based In Vivo Predictions. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12761-12772. [PMID: 37065087 PMCID: PMC10099431 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin (RST) is a poorly water-soluble drug responsible for limited in vivo dissolution and subsequently low oral systemic absorption (poor bioavailability). The mole fraction solubility values of RST in various ratios of binary mixtures "{PEG400 (1) + water (2)}" at 298.15 K were employed to investigate the preferential solvation (PS) of RST (3) by the binary components. Moreover, the GastroPlus program predicted the drug dissolution/absorption rates, plasma drug concentration, and compartmental regional drug absorbed from a conventional tablet as compared to the RST-loaded (PEG400 + water) mixture (at x 1 = 0.5) in healthy subjects (considering the fast condition). Fedors' method was adopted to estimate the values of molar volume (314.8 cm3·mol-1) and Hildebrand solubility parameter (28.08 MPa1/2) of RST. The results of inverse Kirkwood-Buff integrals showed the PS of RST by PEG400 as observed in all studied ratios of the binary mixture. The highest PS value (δx 1,3 = 1.65 × 10-2) for RST by PEG400 was attained at x 1 = 0.5. Finally, the GastroPlus program predicted the maximum dissolution rate [20 mg within 15 min as compared to pure RST (1.5 mg within 15 min)]. Moreover, the program predicted increased in vivo oral absorption (1.2 μg/mL) and enhanced regional absorption (95.3%) of RST from upper segments of the gastrointestinal tract for the RST-loaded PEG400 + water mixture in humans as compared to conventional tablets (87.5% as total regional absorption and 0.88 μg/mL as in vivo absorption). Hence, the present binary system ferrying RST can be a promising strategy to control systemic dyslipidemia after oral or subcutaneous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hussain
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabina Yasmin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazima Haider
- Department
of Pathology, College of Medicine, King
Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fleming Martinez
- Grupo
de Investigaciones Farmacéutico-Fisicoquímicas, Departamento
de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
Sede Bogotá, Cra
30 No. 45-03, Bogotá D. C. 111321, Colombia
| | - William E. Acree
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203-5070, United States
| | - Mohhammad Ramzan
- School
of Pharmacy, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi, Grand Trunk Road, Phagwara, Punjab 144001, India
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Silveira AMR, Duarte GHB, Fernandes AMADP, Garcia PHD, Vieira NR, Antonio MA, Carvalho PDO. Serum Predose Metabolic Profiling for Prediction of Rosuvastatin Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Healthy Volunteers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:752960. [PMID: 34867363 PMCID: PMC8633954 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.752960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosuvastatin is a well-known lipid-lowering agent generally used for hypercholesterolemia treatment and coronary artery disease prevention. There is a substantial inter-individual variability in the absorption of statins usually caused by genetic polymorphisms leading to a variation in the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters, which may affect drug therapy safety and efficacy. Therefore, the investigation of metabolic markers associated with rosuvastatin inter-individual variability is exceedingly relevant for drug therapy optimization and minimizing side effects. This work describes the application of pharmacometabolomic strategies using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to investigate endogenous plasma metabolites capable of predicting pharmacokinetic parameters in predose samples. First, a targeted method for the determination of plasma concentration levels of rosuvastatin was validated and applied to obtain the pharmacokinetic parameters from 40 enrolled individuals; then, predose samples were analyzed using a metabolomic approach to search for associations between endogenous metabolites and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters. Data processing using machine learning revealed some candidates including sterols and bile acids, carboxylated metabolites, and lipids, suggesting the approach herein described as promising for personalized drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nelson Rogerio Vieira
- Integrated Unit of Pharmacology and Gastroenterology (UNIFAG), São Francisco University-USF, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - Marcia Aparecida Antonio
- Integrated Unit of Pharmacology and Gastroenterology (UNIFAG), São Francisco University-USF, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Pharmacokinetics of Rosuvastatin: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials in Healthy Adults. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:165-175. [PMID: 33428168 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosuvastatin is a lipid-lowering drug that works by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for producing cholesterol in humans. The pharmacokinetic data of rosuvastatin are considerably variable across studies. OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in healthy adults. METHODS A review of the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin was performed using systematic search strategies. The Sheiner method was used to summarise the pharmacokinetics of the drug. RESULTS Randomised controlled studies (n = 70) involving healthy subjects (n = 2355) that examined the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin following single and multiple doses were included in the review. Rosuvastatin is given once daily in the dose range of 5-80 mg, with 40 mg being the maximum approved daily dose. Rosuvastatin achieves maximum plasma concentration at a median of 5 h (range: 0.5-6 h) under fasting conditions following single and multiple doses. Following single doses, rosuvastatin has a mean absolute oral availability of 20%, an overall mean total clearance of 28.3 L/h and an average terminal elimination half-life of approximately 20 h. The overall mean total clearance of the drug in Caucasian subjects was 1.7-fold higher than that in healthy Chinese subjects. The systemic exposure of rosuvastatin is characterised by a large coefficient of variation (48%.) There is a small accumulation with repeated dosing. The interaction of rosuvastatin with darunavir/ritonavir was considered statistically and clinically relevant. Interactions of rosuvastatin single doses with erythromycin, fluconazole, itraconazole and antacid were statistically significant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS There is considerable variation in the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin between races. The clinical relevance of the statistically significant drug interactions is yet to be investigated following repeated co-administration for at least 15 days, consistent with a half-life of low-density lipoprotein of 3 days.
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Chen J, Lou H, Jiang B, Shao R, Yang D, Hu Y, Xu Y, Ruan Z. Effects of Food and Gender on Pharmacokinetics of Rosuvastatin in a Chinese Population Based on 4 Bioequivalence Studies. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2019; 9:235-245. [PMID: 31148412 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of food and gender on the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in healthy Chinese subjects were investigated from 4 bioequivalence studies. These studies were designed as randomized, open-label, and 2-period crossover in both fasting and fed states. A total of 204 subjects were enrolled, 134 men and 70 women. These subjects received a single oral 10-mg dose of rosuvastatin with a 7-day washout between 2 periods. The plasma concentrations were determined using a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods. Compared with the fasting condition, administration after a high-fat and high-calorie meal resulted in an approximately 40% reduction of rosuvastatin exposure and a near 50% decrease in absorption rate. Moreover, the apparent clearance was significantly greater in the fed state than that in the fasting state. It was noted that the adverse events incidence is increased by approximately 30% in the fasting state; however, no serious adverse events were observed. Additionally, small differences in pharmacokinetic characteristics were found between male and female subjects. Food effect might be considered for optimal effectiveness and safety of rosuvastatin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honggang Lou
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Shao
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Hu
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichao Xu
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zourong Ruan
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Bahrami A, Parsamanesh N, Atkin SL, Banach M, Sahebkar A. Effect of statins on toll-like receptors: a new insight to pleiotropic effects. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:230-238. [PMID: 30120976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of transmembrane-spanning receptors that are sentinels of both innate and adaptive immunity. Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors) are the most commonly prescribed therapeutic agents for treating hypercholesterolemia globally. However, statin therapy appears to have pleiotropic effects including attenuation of chronic low-grade inflammation and modulation of TLR activity. Statins through abolition of TLR4 expression and regulation of the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway may slow the progression of atherosclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. In this review, we have focused on the impact and mechanism of action of statins on cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Gender-based personalized pharmacotherapy: a systematic review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017; 295:1305-1317. [PMID: 28378180 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-017-4363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In general, male and female are prescribed the same amount of dosage even if most of the cases female required less dosage than male. Physicians are often facing problem on appropriate drug dosing, efficient treatment, and drug safety for a female in general. To identify and synthesize evidence about the effectiveness of gender-based therapy; provide the information to patients, providers, and health system intervention to ensure safety treatment; and minimize adverse effects. METHODS We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effect of gender difference on pharmacotherapy. Published articles from January 1990 to December 2015 were identified using specific term in MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and the Cochrane library according to search strategies that strengthen the reporting of observational and clinical studies. RESULTS Twenty-six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this systematic review, yielding a total of 6309 subjects. We observed that female generally has a lower the gastric emptying time, gastric PH, lean body mass, and higher plasma volume, BMI, body fat, as well as reduce hepatic clearance, difference in activity of Cytochrome P450 enzyme, and metabolize drugs at different rate compared with male. Other significant factors such as conjugation, protein binding, absorption, and the renal elimination could not be ignored. However, these differences can lead to adverse effects in female especially for the pregnant, post-menopausal, and elderly women. CONCLUSION This systematic review provides an evidence for the effectiveness of dosage difference to ensure safety and efficient treatment. Future studies on the current topic are, therefore, recommended to reduce the adverse effect of therapy.
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Alam K, Pahwa S, Wang X, Zhang P, Ding K, Abuznait AH, Li L, Yue W. Downregulation of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 Transport Function by Lysosomotropic Drug Chloroquine: Implication in OATP-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:839-51. [PMID: 26750564 PMCID: PMC4970216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 mediates the hepatic uptake of many drugs including lipid-lowering statins. Decreased OATP1B1 transport activity is often associated with increased systemic exposure of statins and statin-induced myopathy. Antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) is also used for long-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. CQ is lysosomotropic and inhibits protein degradation in lysosomes. The current studies were designed to determine the effects of CQ on OATP1B1 protein degradation, OATP1B1-mediated transport in OATP1B1-overexpressing cell line, and statin uptake in human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH). Treatment with lysosome inhibitor CQ increased OATP1B1 total protein levels in HEK293-OATP1B1 cells and in human SCH as determined by OATP1B1 immunoblot. In HEK293-FLAG-tagged OATP1B1 stable cell line, co-immunofluorescence staining indicated that intracellular FLAG-OATP1B1 is colocalized with lysosomal associated membrane glycoprotein (LAMP)-2, a marker protein of late endosome/lysosome. Enlarged LAMP-2-positive vacuoles with FLAG-OATP1B1 protein retained inside were readily detected in CQ-treated cells, consistent with blocking lysosomal degradation of OATP1B1 by CQ. In HEK293-OATP1B1 cells, without pre-incubation, CQ concentrations up to 100 μM did not affect OATP1B1-mediated [(3)H]E217G accumulation. However, pre-incubation with CQ at clinically relevant concentration(s) significantly decreased [(3)H]E217G and [(3)H]pitavastatin accumulation in HEK293-OATP1B1 cells and [(3)H]pitavastatin accumulation in human SCH. CQ pretreatment (25 μM, 2 h) resulted in ∼1.9-fold decrease in Vmax without affecting Km of OATP1B1-mediated [(3)H]E217G transport in HEK293-OATP1B1 cells. Pretreatment with monensin and bafilomycin A1, which also have lysosome inhibition activity, significantly decreased OATP1B1-mediated transport in HEK293-OATP1B1 cells. Pharmacoepidemiologic studies using data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System indicated that CQ plus pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, and pravastatin, which are minimally metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes, led to higher myopathy risk than these statins alone. In summary, the present studies report novel findings that lysosome is involved in degradation of OATP1B1 protein and that pre-incubation with lysosomotropic drug CQ downregulates OATP1B1 transport activity. Our in vitro data in combination with pharmacoepidemiologic studies support that CQ has potential to cause OATP-mediated drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khondoker Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Sonia Pahwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Xueying Wang
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, United States
| | - Alaa H. Abuznait
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
| | - Lang Li
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Institute of Personalized Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117, United States
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