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Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Options of the Main Derivatization Approaches for Analytical ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1287-1342. [PMID: 33557614 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1873100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of preliminary chemical labeling (derivatization) in the analysis process by such powerful and widespread methods as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a popular and widely used methodological approach. This is due to the need to remove some fundamental limitations inherent in these powerful analytic methods. Although a number of special reviews has been published discussing the utilization of derivatization approaches, the purpose of the present critical review is to comprehensively summarize, characterize and evaluate most of the previously developed and practically applied, as well as recently proposed representative derivatization reagents for ESI-MS and MALDI-MS platforms in their mostly sensitive positive ion mode and frequently hyphenated with separation techniques. The review is focused on the use of preliminary chemical labeling to facilitate the detection, identification, structure elucidation, quantification, profiling or MS imaging of compounds within complex matrices. Two main derivatization approaches, namely the introduction of permanent charge-fixed or highly proton affinitive residues into analytes are critically evaluated. In situ charge-generation, charge-switch and charge-transfer derivatizations are considered separately. The potential of using reactive matrices in MALDI-MS and chemical labeling in MS-based omics sciences is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Qiao X, Qin X, She D, Wang R, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Mass spectrometry-based tag and its application to high efficient peptide analysis – A review. Talanta 2014; 126:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Profiling thiol metabolites and quantification of cellular glutathione using FT-ICR-MS spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4371-9. [PMID: 24858467 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe preparation and use of the quaternary ammonium-based α-iodoacetamide QDE and its isotopologue *QDE as reagents for chemoselective derivatization of cellular thiols. Direct addition of the reagents to live cells followed by adduct extraction into n-butanol and analysis by FT-ICR-MS provided a registry of matched isotope peaks from which molecular formulae of thiol metabolites were derived. Acidification to pH 4 during cell lysis and adduct formation further improves the chemoselectivity for thiol derivatization. Examination of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells using this approach revealed cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione, and homocysteine as principal thiol metabolites as well as the sulfinic acid hypotaurine. The method is also readily applied to quantify the thiol metabolites, as demonstrated here by the quantification of both glutathione and glutathione disulfide in A549 cells at concentrations of 34.4 ± 11.5 and 10.1 ± 4.0 nmol/mg protein, respectively.
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Vasil’ev YV, Tzeng SC, Huang L, Maier CS. Protein modifications by electrophilic lipoxidation products: adduct formation, chemical strategies and tandem mass spectrometry for their detection and identification. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:157-82. [PMID: 24818247 PMCID: PMC4138024 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins by electrophilic oxylipids is emerging as an important mechanism that contributes to the complexity of proteomes. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation of biological lipids results in the formation of chemically diverse electrophilic carbonyl compounds, such as 2-alkenals and 4-hydroxy alkenals, epoxides, and eicosanoids with reactive cyclopentenone structures. These lipoxidation products are capable of modifying proteins. Originally considered solely as markers of oxidative insult, more recently the modifications of proteins by lipid peroxidation products are being recognized as a new mechanism of cell signaling with relevance to redox homeostasis, adaptive response and inflammatory resolution. The growing interest in protein modifications by reactive oxylipid species necessitates the availability of methods that are capable of detecting, identifying and characterizing these protein adducts in biological samples with high complexity. However, the efficient analysis of these chemically diverse protein adducts presents a considerable analytical challenge. We first provide an introduction into the chemistry and biological relevance of protein adductions by electrophilic lipoxidation products. We then provide an overview of tandem mass spectrometry approaches that have been developed in recent years for the interrogation of protein modifications by electrophilic oxylipid species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claudia S. Maier
- Corresponding author: Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall Phone: 541-737-9533 Fax: 541-737-2062
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Frey BL, Ladror DT, Sondalle SB, Krusemark CJ, Jue AL, Coon JJ, Smith LM. Chemical derivatization of peptide carboxyl groups for highly efficient electron transfer dissociation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1710-21. [PMID: 23918461 PMCID: PMC3827969 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The carboxyl groups of tryptic peptides were derivatized with a tertiary or quaternary amine labeling reagent to generate more highly charged peptide ions that fragment efficiently by electron transfer dissociation (ETD). All peptide carboxyl groups-aspartic and glutamic acid side-chains as well as C-termini-were derivatized with an average reaction efficiency of 99 %. This nearly complete labeling avoids making complex peptide mixtures even more complex because of partially-labeled products, and it allows the use of static modifications during database searching. Alkyl tertiary amines were found to be the optimal labeling reagent among the four types tested. Charge states are substantially higher for derivatized peptides: a modified tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA) generates ~90% of its precursor ions with z > 2, compared with less than 40 % for the unmodified sample. The increased charge density of modified peptide ions yields highly efficient ETD fragmentation, leading to many additional peptide identifications and higher sequence coverage (e.g., 70 % for modified versus only 43 % for unmodified BSA). The utility of this labeling strategy was demonstrated on a tryptic digest of ribosomal proteins isolated from yeast cells. Peptide derivatization of this sample produced an increase in the number of identified proteins, a >50 % increase in the sequence coverage of these proteins, and a doubling of the number of peptide spectral matches. This carboxyl derivatization strategy greatly improves proteome coverage obtained from ETD-MS/MS of tryptic digests, and we anticipate that it will also enhance identification and localization of post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Frey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Daniel T. Ladror
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Samuel B. Sondalle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Casey J. Krusemark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - April L. Jue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 420 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 425G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Lloyd M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 425G Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706
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Qiao X, Zhou Y, Hou C, Zhang X, Yang K, Zhang L, Zhang Y. 1-(3-Aminopropyl)-3-butylimidazolium bromide for carboxyl group derivatization: potential applications in high sensitivity peptide identification by mass spectrometry. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:240-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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