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Constant O, Maarifi G, Barthelemy J, Martin MF, Tinto B, Savini G, Van de Perre P, Nisole S, Simonin Y, Salinas S. Differential effects of Usutu and West Nile viruses on neuroinflammation, immune cell recruitment and blood-brain barrier integrity. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2156815. [PMID: 36495563 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2156815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Usutu (USUV) and West Nile (WNV) viruses are two closely related Flavivirus belonging to Japanese encephalitis virus serogroup. Evidence of increased circulation of these two arboviruses now exist in Europe. Neurological disorders are reported in humans mainly for WNV, despite the fact that the interaction and effects of viral infections on the neurovasculature are poorly described, notably for USUV. Using a human in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) and a mouse model, this study characterizes and compares the cerebral endothelial cell permissiveness, innate immunity and inflammatory responses and immune cell recruitment during infection by USUV and WNV. Both viruses are able to infect and cross the human BBB but with different consequences. We observed that WNV infects BBB cells resulting in significant endothelium impairment, potent neuroinflammation and immune cell recruitment, in agreement with previous studies. USUV, despite being able to infect BBB cells with higher replication rate than WNV, does not strongly affect endothelium integrity. Importantly, USUV also induces neuroinflammation, immune cell recruitment such as T lymphocytes, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) and was able to infect dendritic cells (DCs) more efficiently compared to WNV, with greater propensity for BBB recruitment. DCs may have differential roles for neuroinvasion of the two related viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jonathan Barthelemy
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-France Martin
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bachirou Tinto
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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Confort MP, Duboeuf M, Thiesson A, Pons L, Marziali F, Desloire S, Ratinier M, Cimarelli A, Arnaud F. IFITMs from Naturally Infected Animal Species Exhibit Distinct Restriction Capacities against Toscana and Rift Valley Fever Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020306. [PMID: 36851520 PMCID: PMC9965546 DOI: 10.3390/v15020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) are two pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses responsible for zoonotic infections in both humans and animals; as such, they represent a growing threat to public and veterinary health. Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins are broad inhibitors of a large panel of viruses belonging to various families and genera. However, little is known on the interplay between RVFV, TOSV, and the IFITM proteins derived from their naturally infected host species. In this study, we investigated the ability of human, bovine, and camel IFITMs to restrict RVFV and TOSV infection. Our results indicated that TOSV was extremely sensitive to inhibition by all the animal IFITMs tested, while RVFV was inhibited by human IFITM-2 and IFITM-3, but not IFITM-1, and exhibited a more heterogeneous resistance phenotype towards the individual bovine and camel IFITMs tested. Overall, our findings shed some light on the complex and differential interplay between two zoonotic viruses and IFITMs from their naturally infected animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Confort
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maëva Duboeuf
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Adrien Thiesson
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Léa Pons
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Federico Marziali
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Desloire
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Ratinier
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Cimarelli
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, F-69342 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-7272-8696 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7612 (F.A.); Fax: +33-(0)-4-7272-8137 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7605 (F.A.)
| | - Frédérick Arnaud
- IVPC UMR754, INRAE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EPHE, PSL University, F-69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (F.A.); Tel.: +33-(0)-4-7272-8696 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7612 (F.A.); Fax: +33-(0)-4-7272-8137 (A.C.); +33-4-3728-7605 (F.A.)
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Constant O, Maarifi G, Blanchet FP, Van de Perre P, Simonin Y, Salinas S. Role of Dendritic Cells in Viral Brain Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862053. [PMID: 35529884 PMCID: PMC9072653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain access to the brain, a so-called immune-privileged organ due to its physical separation from the blood stream, pathogens and particularly viruses have been selected throughout evolution for their use of specific mechanisms. They can enter the central nervous system through direct infection of nerves or cerebral barriers or through cell-mediated transport. Indeed, peripheral lymphoid and myeloid immune cells can interact with the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers and allow viral brain access using the "Trojan horse" mechanism. Among immune cells, at the frontier between innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) can be pathogen carriers, regulate or exacerbate antiviral responses and neuroinflammation, and therefore be involved in viral transmission and spread. In this review, we highlight an important contribution of DCs in the development and the consequences of viral brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P. Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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Matusali G, D’Abramo A, Terrosi C, Carletti F, Colavita F, Vairo F, Savellini GG, Gandolfo C, Anichini G, Lalle E, Bordi L, Corpolongo A, Maritti M, Marchioni L, Capobianchi MR, Castilletti C, Cusi MG, Nicastri E. Infectious Toscana Virus in Seminal Fluid of Young Man Returning from Elba Island, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:865-869. [PMID: 35318936 PMCID: PMC8962903 DOI: 10.3201/eid2804.211920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We report detecting infectious Toscana virus in the seminal fluid of a 25-year-old man from Italy returning from Elba Island. The presence of infectious virus in human semen adds Toscana virus to the long list of viruses detected in this genital fluid and indicates a potential for sexual transmission.
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Experimental Infection of Dogs with Toscana Virus and Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus to Determine Their Potential as Possible Vertebrate Hosts. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040596. [PMID: 32326097 PMCID: PMC7232252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sandfly-borne Toscana phlebovirus (TOSV), a close relative of the sandfly fever Sicilian phlebovirus (SFSV), is one of the most common causes of acute meningitis or meningoencephalitis in humans in the Mediterranean Basin. However, most of human phlebovirus infections in endemic areas either are asymptomatic or cause mild influenza-like illness. To date, a vertebrate reservoir for sandfly-borne phleboviruses has not been identified. Dogs are a prime target for blood-feeding phlebotomines and are the primary reservoir of human sandfly-borne Leishmania infantum. However, there are no definitive studies to assess whether dogs play a significant role as a reservoir host for human phlebovirus survival in the environment. Here, we have evaluated the susceptibility of domestic dogs to infection by TOSV and SFSV following the direct inoculation of the infectious virus. After experimental infection, the presence of viral RNA was investigated in plasma, urine, saliva, conjunctiva, faeces, semen, and bone marrow samples from 0 to 91 days postinoculation (dpi), as well as in plasma, saliva, and tears samples at 760 dpi. None of the challenged dogs developed clinical signs of infection with either TOSV or SFSV. SFSV RNA was never detected. TOSV RNA was not in any of the specimen types, except for plasma samples that showed low viral loads, although irregularly. None of the dogs developed detectable neutralizing antibodies after a single challenge dose of either TOSV or SFSV. However, a second challenge dose of virus given 56 days later elicited neutralizing antibodies, implying that the first inoculation of virus primed the animals for an anamnestic response following the second challenge. These results demonstrated that healthy domestic dogs are not highly susceptible to infection by TOSV or SFSV and do not develop significant viremia or excrete virus following infection. Consequently, dogs are unlikely natural reservoir hosts of infection and do not appear to play a significant role in phlebovirus transmission cycles.
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Muñoz-Fontela C, McElroy AK. Ebola Virus Disease in Humans: Pathophysiology and Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 411:141-169. [PMID: 28653186 PMCID: PMC7122202 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viruses of the Ebolavirus genus cause sporadic epidemics of severe and systemic febrile disease that are fueled by human-to-human transmission. Despite the notoriety of ebolaviruses, particularly Ebola virus (EBOV), as prominent viral hemorrhagic fever agents, and the international concern regarding Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks, very little is known about the pathophysiology of EVD in humans and, in particular, about the human immune correlates of survival and immune memory. This lack of basic knowledge about physiological characteristics of EVD is probably attributable to the dearth of clinical and laboratory data gathered from past outbreaks. The unprecedented magnitude of the EVD epidemic that occurred in West Africa from 2013 to 2016 has allowed, for the first time, evaluation of clinical, epidemiological, and immunological parameters in a significant number of patients using state-of-the-art laboratory equipment. This review will summarize the data from the literature regarding human pathophysiologic and immunologic responses to filoviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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