Current advances in the utilization of nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes

Diabetology and Nanotechnology: A Compelling Combination

The convergence of diabetology and nanotechnology has emerged as a promising synergy with the potential to revolutionize the management and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, a complex metabolic disorder affecting millions worldwide, necessitates innovative approaches to enhance monitoring, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions. Nanotechnology, a burgeoning field that manipulates materials at the nanoscale, offers unprecedented opportunities to address the challenges posed by diabetes. This abstract explores the multifaceted interface between diabetology and nanotechnology, highlighting key areas of integration. Nanotechnology has paved the way for the development of advanced glucose monitoring systems with enhanced accuracy, sensitivity, and patient convenience. Miniaturized biosensors and implantable devices equipped with nanoscale materials enable continuous and real-time glucose monitoring, empowering individuals with diabetes to make timely and informed decisions about their dietary and insulin management. Furthermore, nanotechnology has facilitated breakthroughs in targeted drug delivery, addressing the limitations of conventional therapies in diabetes treatment. Nano-sized drug carriers can improve bioavailability, enable controlled release, and enhance the selectivity of therapeutic agents, minimizing side effects and optimizing treatment outcomes. Moreover, nanoengineered materials have opened avenues for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, offering the potential to restore damaged pancreatic islets and insulin-producing cells. The amalgamation of diabetology and nanotechnology also holds promise for early disease detection and prevention. Nanoscale diagnostic tools, such as biomarker-based nanoprobes and lab-onchip devices, offer rapid and accurate detection of diabetes-related biomolecules, enabling timely interventions and reducing the risk of complications. However, this compelling combination also presents challenges that warrant careful consideration. Safety, biocompatibility, regulatory approval, and ethical implications are crucial factors that demand meticulous evaluation during the translation of nanotechnology-based solutions into clinical practice. In conclusion, the integration of diabetology and nanotechnology represents a transformative paradigm that has the potential to reshape the landscape of diabetes management. By harnessing the unique properties of nanoscale materials, researchers and clinicians are poised to usher in an era of personalized and precise diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive strategies for diabetes mellitus. As advancements in nanotechnology continue to unfold, the journey towards realizing the full potential of this compelling combination remains an exciting frontier in medical science. This review has thoroughly and critically studied the usage of nanomedicine in the diagnosis, monitoring, and management of diabetes and its effects, providing a clear picture of their potential clinical application in the future. This evaluation covers additional numerous clinical trials research and patents that are currently in way in this subject. Thus in the light of this we intended to provide a broad picture of the state of technological development in the area of diabetes management through nanotechnology.

Regulation of reactive oxygen species by phytochemicals for the management of cancer and diabetes

Cancer and diabetes mellitus are served as typical life-threatening diseases with common risk factors. Developing therapeutic measures in cancers and diabetes have aroused attention for a long time. However, the problems with conventional treatments are in challenge, including side effects, economic burdens, and patient compliance. It is essential to secure safe and efficient therapeutic methods to overcome these issues. As an alternative method, antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of phytochemicals from edible plants have come to the fore. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds, considered promising agent applicable in treatment of various diseases with beneficial effects. Either antioxidative or pro-oxidative activity of various phytochemicals were found to contribute to regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, which can exert preventive and therapeutic effects against cancer and diabetes. In this article, the antioxidant or pro-oxidant effects and underlying mechanisms of flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins in cancer or diabetic models demonstrated by the recent studies are summarized.

Challenge of diabetes mellitus and researchers’ contributions to its control

The aim of this review study was to assess the past significant events on diabetes mellitus, transformations that took place over the years in the medical records of treatment, countries involved, and the researchers who brought about the revolutions. This study used the content analysis to report the existence of diabetes mellitus and the treatments provided by researchers to control it. The focus was mainly on three main types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and type 3 diabetes). Ethical consideration has also helped to boost diabetic studies globally. The research has a history path from pharmaceuticals of organic-based drugs to metal-based drugs with their nanoparticles in addition to the impacts of nanomedicine, biosensors, and telemedicine. Ongoing and future studies in alternative medicine such as vanadium nanoparticles (metal nanoparticles) are promising.

Determination of structural properties in the adsorption of drugs on chitosan-hydrogels for type 2 diabetes by means of the PM6 method

Computational chemistry performs the modeling and calculation of physicochemical properties that allow understanding of the different molecular interactions at the nanometric scale in medical applications such as the design of controlled release systems. The PM6 model was used to analyze metformin and glibenclamide. First, the energy properties as the Gibbs free energy and enthalpies were obtained. The results showed the affinity of both drugs with water  (glibenclamide: -7.96 and metformin: -11.49) due to the formation of hydrogen bonds, which were verified by the electronegativities corresponding to the dipole moment and to the partition coefficient (Log P).Subsequently, the main properties for the design of a release system using the metformin/glibenclamide complex in the chitosan hydrogel were determined. In this process it was appreciated that the Gibbs free energy (-2157.60 kcal/mol) determined the thermodynamic stability of the adsorption. In addition, the Log P (-25.82) indicated an instantaneous solubility through the formation of hydrogen bonds and were verified by the electronic distribution and the change in dipole moment.

Anticancer activity of metformin: a systematic review of the literature

Background

The anticancer activity of metformin has been confirmed against several cancer types in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanisms of metformin in the treatment of cancer are not fully understood. This systematic review aims to discuss the possible anticancer mechanism of action of metformin.

Method

A search through different databases was conducted, including Medline and EMBASE.

Results

A total of 96 articles were identified of which 56 were removed for duplication and 24 were excluded after reviewing the title and abstract. A total of 12 research articles were included that describe different antiproliferative mechanisms that may contribute to the antineoplastic effects of metformin.

Conclusion

This analysis discussed the potential anticancer activity of metformin and highlighted the importance of AMPK as a potential target for anticancer therapy.

Synthesis and anticancer properties of bacterial cellulose-magnesium oxide bionanocomposite

Given the increase in global mortality rate due to various types of cancer, the present study aimed to develop optimal conditions for the synthesis of cellulose-magnesium oxide nanocomposite with favorable anticancer activity. For this purpose, the Taguchi method was used to design nine experiments with varied ratios of cellulose biopolymer, magnesium oxide nanoparticles and different stirring times. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the formation of cellulose-magnesium oxide nanocomposite. The anticancer activity level of nine nanocomposites studied was evaluated using MTT assay on Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cell line. The nanocomposite synthesized in experiment 9 (8 mg/ml of magnesium oxide, 2 mg/ml of cellulose and stirring time of 60 min) showed the highest growth inhibitory activity on the cancer cells. Based on the attained results,e cellulose-magnesium oxide nanocomposite synthesized in optimal conditions can be used as an eligible anticancer agent.

The Unprecedented Role of Gold Nanomaterial in Diabetes Management

Gold nanoparticles possess unique mechanical, chemical, photo-optical and biological properties and have been an interesting field of research on life sciences. The research studies produced new nanodevices and nanotechnology-based biosensing, diagnostics therapeutics, and targeted drug delivery systems. In this review, the unique potential aspects of gold nanoparticles/ nanoformulations/ or devices related to diabetes management have been discussed together with the recent patent on the gold nanoparticles developed for diabetes management. The first part of this review will focus on recent strategies for the treatment of hyperglycemia and its management with the help of gold nanoparticles and the second part of the review focused on recent patents on gold nanoparticles useful in the diabetes management. Gold nanoparticles have proved themselves useful in diabetes therapeutics and diagnostics. Due to the high surface area, and low toxicity, gold nanoparticles have become a unique aspect of the delivery approach. The main issues that need to be covered are the biopharmaceutics, biocompatibility, and potential clinical applications.