Establishment and characterization of the NCC-GCTB4-C1 cell line: a novel patient-derived cell line from giant cell tumor of bone

Establishment and characterization of NCC-GCTB10-C1: a novel cell line derived from a patient with recurrent giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare osteolytic tumor composed of mononuclear stromal cells, macrophages, and osteoclast-like giant cells. While generally benign, GCTB has a high risk of local recurrence and can occasionally undergo malignant transformation or metastasis, posing significant clinical challenges. The primary treatment is complete surgical resection; however, effective management strategies for recurrent or advanced GCTB remain elusive, underscoring the need for further preclinical research. This study reports the establishment of a novel cell line, NCC-GCTB10-C1, derived from a recurrent GCTB lesion. NCC-GCTB10-C1 retains the characteristic H3-3A G34W mutation, which is central to the tumor's pathogenesis, and demonstrates significant growth potential, spheroid formation capability, and invasive properties. Extensive drug screening of NCC-GCTB10-C1, along with nine previously established GCTB cell lines, revealed a distinct drug response profile, with the cell line showing resistance to many previously effective agents. However, doxorubicin, foretinib, and ceritinib were identified as promising therapeutic candidates due to their low IC50 values in NCC-GCTB10-C1. The establishment of NCC-GCTB10-C1 offers a critical resource for further research into GCTB, especially in the context of recurrent disease, and holds potential for the development of more effective treatment strategies.

Establishment and characterization of a novel patient-derived cell line from conventional central grade 3 chondrosarcoma, NCC-CS1-C1

Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a malignant tumor that produces cartilaginous matrix and is the second most common primary bone sarcoma. CS encompasses a range of histological subtypes, with high-grade conventional central CS being particularly rare, occurring at a rate of 1.81 cases per 1 million person-years. Complete surgical resection is the standard curative treatment for this subtype, as radiation therapy and chemotherapy have proven ineffective. High-grade conventional central CS is highly metastatic and prone to recurrence, resulting in a poor prognosis. Therefore, effective multidisciplinary treatment strategies are urgently needed. Patient-derived cell lines offer promising tools for exploring new therapeutic approaches. However, only two cell lines of high-grade CSs are currently available in public cell banks. In this study, we aimed to establish a novel cell line for high-grade conventional central CS. We successfully developed the NCC-CS1-C1 cell line using surgically resected tumor tissues from a patient with conventional central grade 3 CS. This cell line harbored an IDH1 mutation (p.R132S), commonly found in 50% of CS cases, and exhibited complex copy number variants. A high-throughput screening of 221 anti-cancer drugs identified five candidates-bortezomib, carfilzomib, doxorubicin, panobinostat, and romidepsin-that demonstrated low IC50 values, indicating potential efficacy in treating CS. These findings suggest that NCC-CS1-C1 is a valuable tool for both preclinical and basic research on high-grade conventional central CS.

Pharmacoproteogenomic approach identifies on-target kinase inhibitors for cancer drug repositioning

Drug repositioning of approved drugs offers advantages over de novo drug development for a rare type of cancer. To efficiently identify on-target drugs from clinically successful kinase inhibitors in cancer drug repositioning, drug screening and molecular profiling of cell lines are essential to exclude off-targets. We developed a pharmacoproteogenomic approach to identify on-target kinase inhibitors, combining molecular profiling of genomic features and kinase activity, and drug screening of patient-derived cell lines. This study examined eight patient-derived giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) cell lines, all of which harbored a signature mutation of H3-3A but otherwise without recurrent copy number variants and mutations. Kinase activity profiles of 100 tyrosine kinases with a three-dimensional substrate peptide array revealed that nine kinases were highly activated. Pharmacological screening of 60 clinically used kinase inhibitors found that nine drugs directed at 29 kinases strongly suppressed cell viability. We regarded ABL1, EGFR, and LCK as on-target kinases; among the two corresponding on-target kinase inhibitors, osimertinib and ponatinib emerged as on-target drugs whose target kinases were significantly activated. The remaining 26 kinases and seven kinase inhibitors were excluded as off-targets. Our pharmacoproteomic approach enabled the identification of on-target kinase inhibitors that are useful for drug repositioning.

Establishment and characterization of NCC-GCTB14-C1 and NCC-GCTB15-C1: two novel patient-derived cell lines of giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare bone tumor that is genetically characterized by a unique mutation in the H3-3A gene. Curative surgical resection is the standard treatment. Unfortunately, a considerable proportion of patients with GCTB have local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis after surgical treatment, and current chemotherapy treatments have shown non-effective. Considering the heterogeneity of the disease, patient-derived cancer models established from multiple cases are required. Therefore, we aimed to establish novel GCTB cell lines for use in preclinical studies. In this study, we successfully established two GCTB cell lines, NCC-GCTB14-C1 and NCC-GCTB15-C1. Both cell lines retained the genetic characteristics of the original tumors, constantly proliferated, and exhibited migratory activity. These cells formed spheroids with morphologically variable phenotypes. We found that they were compatible with chemosensitivity assays, and drug screening using these cell lines led to the identification of potential therapeutic candidates for GCTB. Therefore, NCC-GCTB14-C1 and NCC-GCTB15-C1 may be useful for elucidating the pathogenesis of and developing novel treatments for GCTB.

Establishment and characterization of two novel patient-derived cell lines from giant cell tumor of bone: NCC-GCTB8-C1 and NCC-GCTB9-C1

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare osteolytic bone tumor consisting of mononuclear stromal cells, macrophages, and osteoclast-like giant cells. Although GCTB predominantly exhibits benign behavior, the tumor carries a significant risk of high local recurrence. Furthermore, GCTB can occasionally undergo malignant transformation and distal metastasis, making it potentially fatal. The standard treatment is complete surgical resection; nonetheless, an optimal treatment strategy for advanced GCTB remains unestablished, necessitating expanded preclinical research to identify appropriate therapeutic options. However, only one GCTB cell line is publicly available from a cell bank for research use worldwide. The present study reports the establishment of two novel cell lines, NCC-GCTB8-C1 and NCC-GCTB9-C1, derived from the primary tumor tissues of two patients with GCTB. Both cell lines maintained the hallmark mutation in the H3-3A gene, which is associated with tumor formation and development in GCTB. Characterization of these cell lines revealed their steady growth, spheroid-formation capability, and invasive traits. Potential therapeutic agents were identified via extensive drug screening of the two cell lines and seven previously established GCTB cell lines. Among the 214 antitumor agents tested, romidepsin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase inhibitor, were identified as potential therapeutic agents against GCTB. Conclusively, the establishment of NCC-GCTB8-C1 and NCC-GCTB9-C1 provides novel and crucial resources that are expected to advance GCTB research and potentially revolutionize treatment strategies.

Investigation of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone and Tissue Engineering Approaches for the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone

Primary bone tumors such as Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, secondary bone tumors developed from progressive malignancies, and metastasized bone tumors are more prevalent and studied descriptively through biology and medical research. Less than 0.2% of cancer diagnoses are caused by rare bone-originating tumors, which despite being rare are particularly difficult due to their high death rates and substantial disease burden. A giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an intramurally invasive but rare and benign type of bone tumor, which seldom metastasizes. The most often prescribed medication for GCTB is Denosumab, a RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) inhibitor. Because pharmaceutical drug companies rely on two-dimensional and animal models, current approaches for investigating the diverse nature of tumors are insufficient. Cell line based medication effectiveness and toxicity studies cannot predict tumor response to antitumor medicines. It has already been investigated in detail why molecular pathways do not reproduce in vitro, a phenomenon known as flat biology. Due to physiological differences between human beings and animals, animal models do not succeed in identifying side effects of the treatment, emulating metastatic growth, and establishing the link between cancer and the immune system. This review summarizes and discusses GCTB, the disease, its cellular composition, various bone tumor models, and their properties and utilization in research. As a result, this study delves deep into in vitro testing, which is vital for scientists and physicians in various fields, including pharmacology, preclinical investigations, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.

Establishment and characterization of two novel patient-derived cell lines from giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a rare bone tumor with osteolytic features, composed of stromal cells with a monotonous appearance, macrophages, and osteoclast-like giant cells. GCTB is commonly associated with a pathogenic mutation in the H3-3A gene. While complete surgical resection is the standard cure for GCTB, it often results in local recurrence and, rarely, metastasis. Thus, an effective multidisciplinary treatment approach is necessary. Although patient-derived cell lines is an essential tool for investigating novel treatment strategies, there are only four GCTB cell lines available in public cell banks. Therefore, this study aimed to establish novel GCTB cell lines and successfully created NCC-GCTB6-C1 and NCC-GCTB7-C1 cell lines from two patients' surgically removed tumor tissues. These cell lines exhibited H3-3A gene mutations, consistent proliferation, and invasive properties. After characterizing their behaviors, we performed high-throughput screening of 214 anti-cancer drugs for NCC-GCTB6-C1 and NCC-GCTB7-C1 and integrated their screening data with those of NCC-GCTB1-C1, NCC-GCTB2-C1, NCC-GCTB3-C1, NCC-GCTB4-C1, and NCC-GCTB5-C1 that we previously established. We identified histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin as a possible treatment for GCTB. These findings suggest that NCC-GCTB6-C1 and NCC-GCTB7-C1 could be valuable tools for preclinical and basic research on GCTB.

Establishment and characterization of NCC-GCTB5-C1: a novel cell line of giant cell tumor of bone

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB), is a rare intermediate malignant bone tumor with high local infiltrative ability, and is genetically characterized by mutation in the H3-3A gene. Standard treatment is curative surgical tumor resection. GCTB demonstrates both local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis after surgical treatment, and effective systematic chemotherapy is yet to be established. Therefore, development of novel chemotherapies for GCTB is necessary. Although patient-derived tumor cell lines are potent tools for preclinical research, 15 GCTB cell lines have been reported to date, and only four are publicly available. Thus, this study aimed to establish and characterize a novel GCTB cell line for preclinical studies on GCTB. Herein, we described the establishment of a cell line, NCC-GCTB5-C1, from the primary tumor tissue of a patient with GCTB. NCC-GCTB5-C1 was shown to harbor a mutation in the H3-3A gene, which is typical of GCTB; thus, it has useful properties for in vitro studies. We conducted the largest integrated screening analysis of 214 antitumor agents using NCC-GCTB5-C1 along with four GCTB cell lines. Romidepsin (a histone deacetylase inhibitor), camptothecin, and actinomycin D (topoisomerase inhibitors) demonstrated remarkable antitumor effects, suggesting that these antitumor agents are potential therapeutic candidates for GCTB treatment. Therefore, the NCC-GCTB5-C1 cell line could potentially contribute to the elucidation of GCTB pathogenesis and the development of novel GCTB treatments.