Synthesis, structure and insecticidal activity of some novel amides containing N-pyridylpyrazole

Comprehensive Overview of Diamide Derivatives Acting as Ryanodine Receptor Activators

The world's hunger is continuously rising due to conflicts, climate change, pandemics (such as the recent COVID-19), and crop pests and diseases. It is widely accepted that zero hunger is impossible without using agrochemicals to control crop pests and diseases. Diamide insecticides are one of the widely used green insecticides developed in recent years and play important roles in controlling lepidopteran pests. Currently, eight diamine insecticides have been commercialized, which target the insect ryanodine receptors. This review summarizes the development and optimization processes of diamide derivatives acting as ryanodine receptor activators. The review also discusses pest resistance to diamide derivatives and possible solutions to overcome the limitations posed by the resistance. Thus, with reference to structural biology, this study provides an impetus for designing and developing diamide insecticides with improved insecticidal activities.

Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Molluscicidal Activity Screening of New Nicotinonitrile Derivatives against Land Snails, M. cartusiana

A new series of nicotinonitrile derivatives 2-7 was designed and synthesized from the starting material (E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (1) to assess their molluscicidal activity. The newly synthesized nicotinonitrile compounds 2-7 were characterized based on FTIR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-APT NMR spectra as well as elemental microanalyses. The target compounds 2-7 were screened for their toxicity effect against M. cartusiana land snails and were compared to Acetamiprid as a reference compound. The results demonstrated that the nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts 4a and 4b had good mortality compared with that of Acetamiprid. The results of the in vivo effect of the prepared nicotinonitrile molecules 2, 4a, and 4b on biochemical parameters, including AChE, ALT, AST, and TSP, indicated a reduction in the level of AChE and TSP as well as an increase in the concentration of transaminases (ALT and AST). A histopathological study of the digestive gland sections of the M. cartusiana land snails was carried out. The nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts 4a,b showed vacuolization, causing the digestive gland to lose its function. It could be concluded that the water-soluble nicotinonitrile-2-thiolate salts 4a,b could be adequate molluscicidal molecules against M. cartusiana land snails.