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Centeno Filho BL, Limberger GM, Esteves KP, Fonseca DBD, Maciel FE. Mortality, metabolic rate, and oviposition of Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) females under constant and fluctuating warm temperatures. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103574. [PMID: 37209634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The global average temperature will increase by up to 5.7 °C, under high greenhouse gas emissions, consequently increasing the frequency of heatwaves, according to recent IPCC forecasts. These especially impacts ectotherms, such as insects, which are the most susceptible animals to changes in environmental temperature, affecting their physiology and reproduction. Thus, we investigated the effects of a 96-h exposure to constant temperatures (CT: 27, 30.5, 34, 39, 41, or 43 °C) and fluctuating temperatures (FT: 27/34 °C, 12/12 h) on the survival, metabolic rate, and oviposition of the female cricket Gryllus (Gryllus) assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Mortality, body mass and water content of females and males were quantified and compared. It was found that CT27, CT34 and FT27/34 do not cause mortality in females of G. (G.) assimilis. CT30.5 (average temperature between 27 and 34), despite causing mortality of 5.0 ± 3.5%, do not differ from CT27, CT34 or FT27/34. CT39 causes a mortality of 8.3 ± 5.5%. Estimated lethal temperature for 50% of the population of females (LT50Temp) is 40 °C, and 43 °C promotes 100% mortality in 96 h. Comparing mortality between sexes, females present higher LT50Temp and thermotolerance than males. In addition, FT27/34 and CT34 do not differ in the metabolic rate, but both have higher values than CT27. CT34 strongly reduces oviposition in females, however FT27/34 does not. We suggest that CT34 reduces oviposition in females in two ways: by affecting the endocrine system related to egg production, or by causing behavioral egg retention, as a strategy to survive thermal stress. Moreover, females had a higher wet body mass and present a lower average weight loss than males. In conclusion, despite females present a higher mortality at temperatures above 39 °C, they are more thermotolerant than males. Furthermore, CT34 is detrimental to the oviposition of G. (G.) assimilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaventura Lobo Centeno Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins Limberger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Kathellen Pintado Esteves
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Duane Barros da Fonseca
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio Everton Maciel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Production Performance and Nutrient Conversion Efficiency of Field Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) in Mass-Rearing Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172263. [PMID: 36077983 PMCID: PMC9454574 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Farming edible insects such as field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), called the Mediterranean cricket, is increasingly being adapted for more commercial purposes. Adapting the mass cricket-rearing conditions for field cricket production, we found crickets had a typical growth rate and capacity for conversion of ingested feed into body mass. The efficiency of the deposition of major nutrients (inorganic matter, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate) in the field crickets from the ingested feed is possible to be measured under mass cricket-rearing conditions. The feed intake and mortality rate for cricket rearing should be considered for calculating major nutrient conversion efficiency as increased mortality rate resulted in higher conversion efficiency. Abstract Currently, there is an increased interest in mass producing edible insects, e.g., field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus), due to their market value and sustainable development. The current study aimed to measure the production performance of field crickets and to quantify the major nutrient deposition rate using a new approach for a nutrient conversion efficiency calculation for the field crickets under mass-rearing conditions. The field crickets were reared under mass-rearing conditions in the rearing crates and fed with a commercial cricket feed. Measurements for daily feed offered, final body weight, and dead cricket quantity were carried out during the feeding trial period. There were three production rounds with the same procedure for farmed cricket management. The samples of diet, adult crickets, and dead crickets were collected and then analyzed for chemical analysis of macronutrients. The production performance and nutrient conversion efficiency were calculated and then compared with applicable earlier reports for both field and house (Acheta domesticus) crickets. The production performance for the studied field crickets under mass-rearing conditions had final a body weight, an average daily gain (ADG), a feed conversion ratio (FCR), and a survival rate of 0.95 g, 23.20 mg/day, 2.94 and 88.51%, respectively. The field crickets had nutrient conversion efficiency for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) of 13.26, 8.03, 28.95, 88.94, 34.87, and 1.85, respectively, with an adjusted nutrient conversion efficiency of 14.85, 8.99, 32.37, 99.17, 38.95, and 2.10, respectively. Thus, the production of field crickets could be performed under mass-rearing conditions, and the nutrient conversion efficiency for both adjusted and non-adjusted values could be measured.
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Vidal M, Heinze J. Assisted dispersal and reproductive success in an ant species with matchmaking. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9236. [PMID: 36016821 PMCID: PMC9398888 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Workers of the ant Cardiocondyla elegans drop female sexuals into the nest entrance of other colonies to promote outbreeding with unrelated, wingless males. Corroborating the results from previous years, we document that carrier and carried female sexuals are typically related and that the transfer initially occurs mostly from their joint natal colonies to unrelated colonies. Female sexuals mate multiply with up to seven genetically distinguishable males. Contrary to our expectation, the colony growth rate of multiple‐mated and outbred female sexuals was lower than that of inbred or single‐mated females, leading to the question of why female sexuals mate multiply at all. Despite the obvious costs, multiple mating might be a way for female sexuals to “pay rent” for hibernation in an alien nest. We argue that in addition to evade inbreeding depression from regular sibling mating over many generations, assisted dispersal might also be a strategy for minimizing the risk of losing all reproductive investment when nests are flooded in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Vidal
- LS Zoologie/Evolutionsbiologie Universität Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Heinze
- LS Zoologie/Evolutionsbiologie Universität Regensburg Regensburg Germany
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Limberger GM, Esteves KP, Halal LM, Nery LEM, da Fonseca DB. Chronic immune challenge is detrimental to female survival, feeding behavior, and reproduction in the field cricket Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775). J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:423-434. [PMID: 35195757 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Physiological trade-offs among expensive fitness-related traits, such as reproduction and immunity, are common in life histories of animals. An immune challenge can have different effects on female reproduction mediated by resource allocation and acquisition. In this study, employing a widely used method to challenge the insect immune system (nylon implant), we assessed the effects of mounting a chronic immune response simulating three successive immune assaults on survival and reproduction of mated females of Gryllus assimilis. We also verified feeding behavior following an implantation, which can be important in explaining trade-off dynamics in terms of energy acquisition. For this, three experimental groups were designed (Control, Sham, and Implant) with oviposition rates, egg morphometry, and nymph vigour observed over 3 weeks, at which ovarian mass and unlaid eggs were quantified from remaining individuals. The results showed that chronic implants were detrimental to female survival and reproduction throughout the experiments; Surgical Sham had no effect on survival compared to the control, but did on reproductive aspects such as oviposition rates and hatchling vigour. These negative effects on reproduction in Sham disappeared in the last experimental week, but still strong in the implanted females. Such immune challenge affected the feeding behavior of implanted females by reducing food consumption compared to control after infection, which is probably explained by illness-induced anorexia that takes place to maximize the immune system performance as a part of sickness behavior, exacerbating the adverse effects observed on reproduction (i.e., fewer and smaller eggs, and low vigour of nymphs) and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Martins Limberger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil.
| | | | - Lamia Marques Halal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Maia Nery
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
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Zacouteguy AMB, Limberger GM, de Oliveira PSC, da Fonseca DB, Bruch GE, Barros DM. The adverse effects of injected functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) on in vivo neurosecretory brain cells of Jamaican field cricket, Gryllus assimilis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:66968-66977. [PMID: 34244942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been increasingly more prevalent due to their use in product technology owing to their exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity and tensile strength because of their nanostructure and strength of the bonds among carbon atoms. The potential increase of CNTs in the environment is a concern, and studies to assess the toxic effects of these nanomaterials (NMs) are needed. However, so far, most of the studies are focused on aquatic species and much less is understood about the effects of NM in terrestrial organisms. This investigation used a functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) and the Jamaican cricket Gryllus assimilis to assess the effects of this NM. Cricket nymphs were injected with f-MWCNT suspension-at three different concentrations. The insecticide Fipronil was used as a positive control. Survival was monitored, and histological analysis was made in the brains. Pyknotic cells were quantified in two brain regions, a neurosecretory called Pars intercerebralis (PI), and an associative region called mushroom body (MB). No mortality was observed in any f-MWCNT concentration tested. A significant increase in pyknotic cells was observed as sub-lethal effect for the intermediate concentration of f-MWCNT, at PI, while any significant change was observed at the Kenyon cells of the MB. These results are discussed in the context of agglomeration and dispersion of the f-MWCNT at different concentrations, and availability of the f-MWCNT on the circulatory system, as well as the natural decay of pyknotic cells with time and different patterns of adult cricket neurogenesis. Our results showed that f-MWCNT had negative effects in the neurosecretory region of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maciel Bueno Zacouteguy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins Limberger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gisele Eva Bruch
- Departamento de Física/ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela Martí Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil.
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Impact of warmer fluctuating temperatures on the Jamaican field cricket, Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). J Therm Biol 2021; 105:103145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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