Effect of memantine hydrochloride on cisplatin-induced neurobehavioral toxicity in mice

The Effects of Memantine on Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to investigate electrophysiologically and histopathologically, the protective effects of intratympanic memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, on ototoxicity caused by cisplatin, an anti-neoplastic agent used in many types of cancer.

METHODS

Thirty-seven guinea pigs with a normal auditory function were randomly allocated to group 1 (cisplatin; n = 8), group 2 (memantine; n = 8), group 3 (cisplatin + memantine; n = 8), group 4 (cisplatin + physiological serum [PS]; n = 8), and group 5 (control; n = 5). Auditory assessments were conducted using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) within a frequency range of 1-32 kHz and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) within 8-32 kHz. A single dose of cisplatin (12 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally, followed by intratympanic administration of 0.2 mL of either memantine or PS to both ears at least half an hour before cisplatin administration. Subsequent auditory evaluations were conducted 72 h after cisplatin administration. Histopathological analyses were performed using light microscopy of the right ear and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the left ear.

RESULTS

Auditory evaluations conducted before and after treatment revealed significant findings. Specifically, within groups 3 and 4, ABR thresholds were elevated at all frequencies (p = 0.00), whereas the DPOAE signal-to-noise ratios were reduced at frequencies of 8, 12, 16, and 24 kHz (p = 0.001, p = 0.01, p = 0.01, and p = 0.00, respectively). Histopathologically, both light microscopy and SEM revealed that the cisplatin + memantine group exhibited fewer hair cells and nuclear degeneration in the spiral ganglion than the cisplatin and cisplatin + PS groups. Additionally, the stria vascularis thickness was greater in the cisplatin + memantine group than in cisplatin and cisplatin + PS groups.

CONCLUSION

Despite the negative electrophysiological findings, the histopathological outcomes suggest that intratympanic memantine may have a potential protective effect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. However, further investigations are warranted to corroborate these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action of memantine.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists in Neuropathic Pain Management

Neuropathic pain (NeP) is a complex and debilitating condition that impacts millions of people globally. Although various treatment options exist, their effectiveness is often limited, and they can be accompanied by significant side effects. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in targeting the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) as a potential therapeutic approach to alleviate different types of neuropathic pain. This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive examination of NMDAR antagonists, specifically ketamine, memantine, methadone, amantadine, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenytoin, dextromethorphan, riluzole, and levorphanol, in the management of NeP. By analyzing and summarizing current preclinical and clinical studies, this review seeks to evaluate the efficacy of these pharmacologic agents in providing adequate relief for NeP.

Protective Effect of Memantine on Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity: An In Vitro Study

HYPOTHESIS

Memantine, an N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, is widely used to treat Alzheimer's disease and has been found to have potential neuroprotective effects. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of memantine against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

BACKGROUND

Cisplatin is a widely used anticancer drug for various cancers; however, its use is limited by its side effects, including ototoxicity. Several drugs have been developed to reduce cisplatin toxicity. In this study, we treated cisplatin-damaged cochlear hair cells with memantine and evaluated its protective effects.

METHOD

House Ear Institute Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells and cochlear explants were treated with cisplatin or memantine. Cell viability, apoptotic patterns, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Bcl-2/caspase-3 activity, and cell numbers were measured to evaluate the anti-apoptotic and antioxidative effects of memantine.

RESULT

Memantine treatment significantly improved cell viability and reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis in auditory cells. Bcl-2/caspase-3 activity was also significantly increased, suggesting anti-apoptotic effects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that memantine protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in vitro, providing a potential new strategy for preventing hearing loss in patients undergoing cisplatin chemotherapy.

Brain Protection by Methylene Blue and Its Derivative, Azur B, via Activation of the Nrf2/ARE Pathway in Cisplatin-Induced Cognitive Impairment

Cisplatin is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drug that leads to DNA damage and is used in the treatment of various types of tumors. However, cisplatin has several serious adverse effects, such as deterioration in cognitive ability. The aim of our work was to study neuroprotectors capable of preventing cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity. Methylene blue (MB) and AzurB (AzB) are able to neutralize the neurotoxicity caused by cisplatin by protecting nerve cells as a result of the activation of the Ntf2 signaling pathway. We have shown that cisplatin impairs learning in the Morris water maze. This is due to an increase in the amount of mtDNA damage, a decrease in the expression of most antioxidant genes, the main determinant of the induction of which is the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, and genes involved in mitophagy regulation in the cortex. The expression of genes involved in long-term potentiation was suppressed in the hippocampus of cisplatin-injected mice. MB in most cases prevented cisplatin-induced impairment of learning and decrease of gene expression in the cortex. AzB prevented the cisplatin-induced decrease of genes in the hippocampus. Also, cisplatin induced disbalance in the gut microbiome, decreased levels of Actinotalea and Prevotella, and increased levels of Streptococcus and Veillonella. MB and AzB also prevented cisplatin-induced changes in the bacterial composition of the gut microbiome.

2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate ameliorates functional and structural abnormalities in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy

AIM OF THE STUDY

Cisplatin is a platinum-derived chemotherapeutic agent commonly used in the treatment of various tumors. Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy are the most common side effects of this drug. 2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), boron- containing compound, has some protective effects against various tissue damage. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of 2-APB on in vitro and in vivo cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MTT assay was used to determine cell viability in DRG cells. Peripheral neuropathy was induced in forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250g) by administering cisplatin (3 mg/kg/week) intraperitoneally (i.p) for five weeks. 2-APB (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg, i.p) was administered. Mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, mechanical stimuli, motor coordination, and locomotor activity tests were performed. DRG cells and sciatic nerves were analyzed histologically. NGF, BDNF, TNF-α, GSH, MDA, and LDH levels were investigated in rat DRG tissue homogenates.

RESULTS

Our results revealed that 2-APB ameliorated cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity by improving mechanical and cold allodynia and motor coordination impairment. It also reduced cisplatin-induced structural toxicity in peripheral tissues.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrated that 2-APB could be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties Mediate the Neuroprotective Effects of Hydro-ethanolic Extract of Tiliacora triandra Against Cisplatin-induced Neurotoxicity

Background

Cisplatin (CDDP) is an efficacious anticancer agent used widely in chemotherapy despite its severe side effect related to neurotoxicity. Redox imbalance and inflammatory mechanism have been implicated in the pathophysiology of CDDP-induced neurotoxicity. Herein, we investigated whether Tiliacora triandra (TT) extract could inhibit  CDDP-induced redox-mediated neurotoxicity and behavioural deficit in rats.

Materials and Methods

CDDP-induced redox-mediated neurotoxicity and behavioral deficit in rats. Rats were administered TT for five consecutive weeks (250 and 500 mg/kg bw), while weekly i.p. injection of CDDP commenced on the second week (2.5 mg/kg bw) of the TT administration.

Results

CCDDP caused significant body weight reduction and cognitive diminution as revealed by Morris water maze and Y maze tests. In the CDDP-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) rats, there were remarkable increases in the brain levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and malondialdehyde (MDA), whereas catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities considerably decreased compared to normal control. The brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in CDDP control rats was significantly increased compared to the normal control. The expression of caspase-3 and p53 proteins was upregulated by CDDP injection, whereas Bcl2 was downregulated coupled with histopathological alterations in the rat brain. Interestingly, treatment with TT significantly abated neurobehavioral deficits, MDA and cytokine levels and restored CAT, GPx, GSH, SOD, and AChE activities compared to the CDDP control rats. Caspase-3 level as well as Bcl2 and p53 expressions were modulated with alleviated changes in histopathology.

Conclusion

The findings highlight neuroprotective and cognitive function improvement efficacy of TT against CICI via redox-inflammatory balance and antiapoptotic mechanism in rats.

Impact of cisplatin administration on cerebellar cortical structure and locomotor activity of infantile and juvenile albino rats: the role of oxidative stress

The central neurotoxicity of cisplatin (CisPt) has always raised questions especially during development, but few studies are available. Hence, this work was designed to assess the CisPt's impacts on the postnatal rat cerebellum via evaluation of locomotor activity, histological and immunohistochemical studies, and to focus on cerebellar oxidative stress-related alterations. Eighty newborn pups were divided into 2 equal experimental groups: the control group was kept without any treatment and CisPt-treated group received a single subcutaneous injection of CisPt (5 μg /g b.w.) in their nape at PD10. Ten rats at PD11, PD17, and PD30 ages were weighed, then deeply anesthetized and sacrificed. For locomotor assessment, 20 pups were divided equally into control and CisPt-treated groups and tested at PD11-13, PD15-17, and PD28-30 ages. CisPt-treated rats suffered from decreased motor activity and showed decreased body and cerebellar weights, reduced levels of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD and CAT), and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense (GSH), and increase of lipid peroxidation marker (MDA). Histopathologically, CisPt sowed deleterious changes within cerebellar cortical layers in the form of vacuolations, decreased thickness, and hemorrhage (in PD17), while Purkinje cells exhibited profound degenerative changes in the form of swelling, disrupted arrangement, distortion, and nuclear shrinkage. In CisPt-treated rats, GFAP demonstrated upregulated, hypertrophied, and branched Bergmann glial fibers and reactive astrogliosis. Immuno-localization of Ki-67-positive cells revealed defective migration associated with decreased proliferation in early ages in addition to glial proliferation in PD30. In conclusion, CisPt causes oxidative stress-related deleterious effects on structure of developing cerebellar cortex and affects locomotor activity.