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González-Sanz M, Berzosa P, Norman FF. Updates on Malaria Epidemiology and Prevention Strategies. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2023; 25:1-9. [PMID: 37361492 PMCID: PMC10248987 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-023-00805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The objective of this review was to provide an update on recent malaria epidemiology, both globally and in non-endemic areas, to identify the current distribution and repercussions of genetically diverse Plasmodium species and summarize recently implemented intervention and prevention tools. Recent Findings Notable changes in malaria epidemiology have occurred in recent years, with an increase in the number of total cases and deaths globally during 2020-2021, in part attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of artemisinin-resistant species in new areas and the expanding distribution of parasites harbouring deletions of the pfhrp2/3 genes have been concerning. New strategies to curb the burden of this infection, such as vaccination, have been implemented in certain endemic areas and their performance is currently being evaluated. Summary Inadequate control of malaria in endemic regions may have an effect on imported malaria and measures to prevent re-establishment of transmission in malaria-free areas are essential. Enhanced surveillance and investigation of Plasmodium spp. genetic variations will contribute to the successful diagnosis and treatment of malaria in future. Novel strategies for an integrated One Health approach to malaria control should also be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González-Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Berzosa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Laboratory, National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Carlos III Health Institute, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca F. Norman
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcalá, CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
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Liu X, An L, Ren S, Zhou Y, Peng W. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Antibacterial Mechanism of Patrinia scabiosaefolia Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:883-893. [PMID: 35281570 PMCID: PMC8912936 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s350715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose As a kind of opportunist pathogen, Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) can cause nosocomial infections and easily evolve into resistant bacteria. Among these, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) exhibit significantly higher rates. Our previous study showed that Patrinia scabiosaefolia (PS) possessed strong antibacterial activity against MRSE. However, the mechanism of PS against MRSE is not clear. Methods Here, a tandem mass tag-based (TMT) proteomic analysis was performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of PS against MRSE. We compared the differential expression proteins of MRSE under PS stress. Results Based on a fold change of >1.2 or < 1/1.2 (with p value set at <0.05), a total of 248 proteins (128 up-regulated proteins, 120 down-regulated proteins) were identified. Bioinformatic analysis showed that proteins including arginine deiminase (arcA), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (arcB) and carbamate kinase (arcC), serine–tRNA ligase (serS), phenylalanine–tRNA ligase beta and subunit (pheT), DltD (dlt), d-alanyl carrier protein (dlt), accumulation-associated protein (SasG), serine-aspartate repeat-containing protein C (SdrC) and hemin transport system permease protein HrtB (VraG) played important roles in mechanism of PS against MRSE. Conclusion In summary, these results indicated that arginine deiminase pathway (ADI) pathway, protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis, biofilm formation and uptake of iron were related to mechanisms of PS against MRSE. Our findings provide an insight into the the mechanism of PS against MRSE, and may be valuable in offering new targets to develop more anti-MRSE drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xin Liu, College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8618886056643, Email
| | - Lili An
- Dermatology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuaijun Ren
- Dermatology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Zhou
- College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Basic Medicine, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, People’s Republic of China
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Serrano D, Santos-Reis A, Silva C, Dias A, Dias B, Toscano C, Conceição C, Baptista-Fernandes T, Nogueira F. Imported Malaria in Portugal: Prevalence of Polymorphisms in the Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance Genes pfmdr1 and pfk13. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102045. [PMID: 34683365 PMCID: PMC8538333 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the ‘big three’ killer infectious diseases, alongside tuberculosis and HIV. In non-endemic areas, malaria may occur in travelers who have recently been to or visited endemic regions. The number of imported malaria cases in Portugal has increased in recent years, mostly due to the close relationship with the community of Portuguese language countries. Samples were collected from malaria-infected patients attending Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO) or the outpatient clinic of Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT-NOVA) between March 2014 and May 2021. Molecular characterization of Plasmodium falciparum pfk13 and pfmdr1 genes was performed. We analyzed 232 imported malaria cases. The majority (68.53%) of the patients came from Angola and only three patients travelled to a non-African country; one to Brazil and two to Indonesia. P. falciparum was diagnosed in 81.47% of the cases, P. malariae in 7.33%, P. ovale 6.47% and 1.72% carried P. vivax. No mutations were detected in pfk13. Regarding pfmdr1, the wild-type haplotype (N86/Y184/D1246) was also the most prevalent (64.71%) and N86/184F/D1246 was detected in 26.47% of the cases. The typical imported malaria case was middle-aged male, traveling from Angola, infected with P. falciparum carrying wild type pfmdr1 and pfk13. Our study highlights the need for constant surveillance of malaria parasites imported into Portugal as an important pillar of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Serrano
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Ana Santos-Reis
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Clemente Silva
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Ana Dias
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica e Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Rua da Junqueira 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.T.); (T.B.-F.)
| | - Brigite Dias
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristina Toscano
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica e Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Rua da Junqueira 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.T.); (T.B.-F.)
| | - Cláudia Conceição
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Teresa Baptista-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica e Biologia Molecular, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Rua da Junqueira 126, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.D.); (C.T.); (T.B.-F.)
| | - Fatima Nogueira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (IHMT-NOVA), Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (D.S.); (A.S.-R.); (C.S.); (B.D.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-213652600
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Abstract
Malaria is one of the most cited vector-borne infectious diseases by climate change expert panels. Malaria vectors often need water sheets or wetlands to complete the disease life cycle. The current context of population mobility and global change requires detailed monitoring and surveillance of malaria in all countries. This study analysed the spatiotemporal distribution of death and illness cases caused by autochthonous and imported malaria in Spain during the 20th and 21st centuries using multidisciplinary sources, Geographic Information System (GIS) and geovisualisation. The results obtained reveal that, in the 20th and 21st centuries, malaria has not had a homogeneous spatial distribution. Between 1916 and 1930, 77% of deaths from autochthonous malaria were concentrated in only 20% of Spanish provinces; in 1932, 88% of patients treated in anti-malarial dispensaries were concentrated in these same provinces. These last data reveal the huge potential that anti-malarial dispensaries could have as a tool to reconstruct historical epidemiology. Spanish autochthonous malaria has presented epidemic upsurge episodes, especially those of 1917–1922 and 1939–1944, influenced by armed conflict, population movement and damaged health and hygiene conditions. Although meteorological variables have not played a key role in these epidemic episodes, they contributed by providing suitable conditions for their intensification. After the eradication of autochthonous malaria in 1961, imported malaria cases began to be detected in 1973, reaching more than 700 cases per year at the end of the second decade of the 21st century. Therefore, consistent and detailed historical studies are necessary to better understand the drivers that have led to the decline and elimination of malaria in Europe and other temperate countries.
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Corpolongo A, Pisapia R, Oliva A, Giancola ML, Mencarini P, Bevilacqua N, Ghirga P, Mariano A, Vulcano A, Paglia MG, Nicastri E. Five cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria treated with artemisinin derivatives: the advantages of a unified approach to treatment. Infection 2019; 47:655-659. [PMID: 30809760 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In endemic countries with a high level of chloroquine resistance, Plasmodium vivax malaria is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In these areas, the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine combination resulted in clinical response, a more rapid clearance of parasitaemia, compared to chloroquine therapies, and reduction of recrudescence or reinfection. METHODS We describe five cases of Plasmodium vivax malaria in returning travelers treated with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. RESULTS All patients showed the early parasite clearance and no side effects. Our preliminary results suggest that the dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine combination is effective and safe even in imported cases. CONCLUSIONS A unified treatment policy using the artemisinin combination therapy should be adopted even in non-endemic countries and larger studies are underway to support this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Corpolongo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pisapia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Oliva
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Giancola
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mencarini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Nazario Bevilacqua
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Ghirga
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mariano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Vulcano
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Paglia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani-IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
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Norman FF, López-Polín A, Salvador F, Treviño B, Calabuig E, Torrús D, Soriano-Arandes A, Ruíz-Giardín JM, Monge-Maillo B, Pérez-Molina JA, Perez-Ayala A, García M, Rodríguez A, Martínez-Serrano M, Zubero M, López-Vélez R. Imported malaria in Spain (2009-2016): results from the +REDIVI Collaborative Network. Malar J 2017; 16:407. [PMID: 29017499 PMCID: PMC5635489 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Imported malaria is a frequent diagnosis in travellers and migrants. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with imported malaria within a Spanish collaborative network registering imported diseases (+REDIVI). In addition, the possible association between malaria and type of case, gender, age or area of exposure was explored. Methods Cases of imported malaria were identified among all cases registered in the +REDIVI database during the period October 2009–October 2016. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics were analysed. Results In total, 11,816 cases of imported infectious diseases were registered in +REDIVI’s database between October 2009 and October 2016. Immigrants seen for the first time after migration accounted for 60.2% of cases, 21.0% of patients were travellers, and 18.8% were travellers/immigrants visiting friends and relatives (VFRs). There were 850 cases of malaria (850/11,816, 7.2%). Malaria was significantly more frequent in men than in women (56.8% vs 43.2%) and in VFR-immigrants (52.6%) as compared to travellers (21.3%), immigrants (20.7%) and VFR-travellers (5.4%) (p < 0.001). Although this data was not available for most patients with malaria, only a minority (29/217, 13.4%) mentioned correct anti-malarial prophylaxis. Sub-Saharan Africa was found to be the most common region of acquisition of malaria. Most common reason for consultation after travel was a febrile syndrome although an important proportion of immigrants were asymptomatic and presented only for health screening (27.3%). Around 5% of travellers presented with severe malaria. The most prevalent species of Plasmodium diagnosed was Plasmodium falciparum (81.5%). Malaria due to Plasmodium ovale/Plasmodium vivax was frequent among travellers (17%) and nearly 5% of all malaria cases in immigrants were caused by Plasmodium malariae. Conclusions Malaria was among the five most frequent diagnoses registered in +REDIVI’s database. Some significant differences were found in the distribution of malaria according to gender, type of case, species. Among all malaria cases, the most frequent diagnosis was P. falciparum infection in VFR-immigrant men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca F Norman
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana López-Polín
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Treviño
- Unitat Medicina Tropical i Salut Internacional Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Calabuig
- La Fe de Valencia University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Soriano-Arandes
- Unitat Medicina Tropical i Salut Internacional Vall d'Hebron-Drassanes, PROSICS Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Begoña Monge-Maillo
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose-Antonio Pérez-Molina
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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Salas-Coronas J, Soriano-Pérez MJ, Lozano-Serrano AB, Pérez-Moyano R, Porrino-Herrera C, Cabezas-Fernández MT. Symptomatic Falciparum Malaria After Living in a Nonendemic Area for 10 Years: Recrudescence or Indigenous Transmission? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1427-1429. [PMID: 28719260 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe report the case of a patient from Mali who, after 10 years of living in Spain, presented with symptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria without having visited an endemic area during that time. We cannot completely rule out the possibility of indigenous transmission, but this case most likely represents recrudescence of an infection acquired over 10 years earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Salas-Coronas
- CEMyRI (Center for the Study of Migration and Intercultural Relations) of the University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Almería, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - María Teresa Cabezas-Fernández
- CEMyRI (Center for the Study of Migration and Intercultural Relations) of the University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Tropical Medicine Unit, Hospital de Poniente, Almería, Spain
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