Macrophage migration inhibitory factor - 794 CATT5-8 microsatellite polymorphism and susceptibility of tuberculosis

The Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (D-DT/MIF-2) in Infections: A Clinical Perspective

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its homolog, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), are cytokines that play critical roles in the immune response to various infectious diseases. This review provides an overview of the complex involvement of MIF and D-DT in bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. The role of MIF in different types of infections is controversial, as it has either a protective function or a host damage-enhancing function depending on the pathogen. Depending on the specific role of MIF, different therapeutic options for MIF-targeting drugs arise. Human MIF-neutralizing antibodies, anti-parasite MIF antibodies, small molecule MIF inhibitors or MIF-blocking peptides, as well as the administration of exogenous MIF or MIF activity-augmenting small molecules have potential therapeutic applications and need to be further explored in the future. In addition, MIF has been shown to be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in sepsis. Further research is needed to unravel the complexity of MIF and D-DT in infectious diseases and to develop personalized therapeutic approaches targeting these cytokines. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of the role of MIF and D-DT in infections could lead to new strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infectious diseases.

Impact of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Gene Polymorphisms and Serum Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Levels on Pulmonary and Spinal Tuberculosis Susceptibility: A Pooled Analysis

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the association between macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) gene polymorphisms, serum MIF levels and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility. Methods: All satisfactory studies were included; the MIF genotype number and serum MIF levels were reviewed. The Stata and Review Manager software were used for the pooled analyses. Results: The pooled analyses showed that the MIF-173G/C gene polymorphism was associated with TB (allele C vs allele G: odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-1.62, p < 0.01; genotype CC vs genotype GG: OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.05-2.73, p = 0.03; genotype CC+GC vs genotype GG: OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.34-1.81, p < 0.01; genotype GC vs genotype GG: OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.28-1.75, p < 0.01). The subgroup analysis showed that the MIF-173G/C gene polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of both pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and spinal tuberculosis (STB).The MIF CATT-794 gene polymorphism was associated with the PTB susceptibility in Asian subjects (genotypes 5/X+6/X vs genotypes 7/X+8/X: OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24-0.64, p < 0.01; genotypes 5 + 6 vs genotypes 7 + 8: OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.48-0.69, p < 0.01). Both PTB and STB patients had significantly elevated serum MIF levels compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: The MIF-173G/C gene polymorphism is related to both PTB and STB susceptibility in both Asian and Caucasian populations. The C allele and CC genotype of the MIF-173G/C SNP appear to be TB risk factors. The MIF CATT-794 gene polymorphism is associated with the PTB susceptibility in Asian subjects; serum MIF levels were significantly increased in PTB and STB patients.