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Ramadan NS, Wessjohann LA, Mocan A, C Vodnar D, H. El-Sayed N, A. El-Toumy S, Abdou Mohamed D, Abdel Aziz Z, Ehrlich A, A. Farag M. Nutrient and Sensory Metabolites Profiling of Averrhoa Carambola L. (Starfruit) in the Context of Its Origin and Ripening Stage by GC/MS and Chemometric Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102423. [PMID: 32455938 PMCID: PMC7287910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Averrhoa carambola L. is a tropical tree with edible fruit that grows at different climatic conditions. Despite its nutritive value and reported health benefits, it is a controversial fruit owing to its rich oxalate content. The present study aimed at investigating aroma and nutrient primary metabolites distribution in A. carambola fruits grown in Indonesia, Malaysia (its endemic origin) versus Egypt, and at different ripening stages. Two techniques were employed to assess volatile and non-volatile metabolites including headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) joined with gas chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-MS post silylation, respectively. Twenty-four volatiles were detected, with esters amounting for the major class of volatiles in Egyptian fruit at ca. 66%, with methyl caproate as the major component, distinguishing it from other origins. In contrast, aldehydes predominated tropically grown fruits with the ether myristicin found exclusively in these. Primary metabolites profiling led to the identification of 117 metabolites viz. sugars, polyols and organic acids. Fructose (38–48%) and glucose (21–25%) predominated sugar compositions in ripe fruits, whereas sorbitol was the major sugar alcohol (2.4–10.5%) in ripe fruits as well. Oxalic acid, an anti-nutrient with potential health risks, was the major organic acid detected in all the studied fruits (1.7–2.7%), except the Malaysian one (0.07%). It increases upon fruit ripening, including considerable amounts of volatile oxalate esters detected via SPME, and which must not be omitted in total oxalate determinations for safety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal S. Ramadan
- Chemistry of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.S.R.); (N.H.E.-S.); (S.A.E.-T.)
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- Correspondence: (L.A.W.); (M.A.F.); Tel.: +011-202-2362245 (M.A.F.); Fax: +011-202-25320005 (M.A.F.)
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan C Vodnar
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Nabil H. El-Sayed
- Chemistry of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.S.R.); (N.H.E.-S.); (S.A.E.-T.)
| | - Sayed A. El-Toumy
- Chemistry of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.S.R.); (N.H.E.-S.); (S.A.E.-T.)
| | - Doha Abdou Mohamed
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Zeinab Abdel Aziz
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Anja Ehrlich
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., P.B. 11562 Cairo, Egypt;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence: (L.A.W.); (M.A.F.); Tel.: +011-202-2362245 (M.A.F.); Fax: +011-202-25320005 (M.A.F.)
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Jat RL, Jha P, Dotaniya ML, Lakaria BL, Rashmi I, Meena BP, Shirale AO, Meena AL. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in Vertisol as mediated by type and placement method of residue. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:439. [PMID: 29955978 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Selection of appropriate residue application method is essential for better use of biomass for soil and environmental health improvement. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted for 75 days to investigate C and N mineralization of residues of soybean (Glycine max L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) placed on the soil surface and incorporated into the soil. The residue of soybean and chickpea had a greater decomposition rate than that of maize and wheat, despite of their placements. Higher rate of decomposition of the residue of soybean and chickpea was recorded when it was kept on the soil surface while soil incorporation of residue of wheat and maize resulted in faster decomposition. Therefore, these findings could be used as guidelines for management of crop residue application in farmland to improve soil and environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jat
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, 208017, India.
| | - Pramod Jha
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - M L Dotaniya
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - B L Lakaria
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - I Rashmi
- ICAR Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Kota, 324002, India
| | - B P Meena
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - A O Shirale
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabibagh, Berasia Road, Bhopal, 462038, India
| | - A L Meena
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, Meerut, 250110, India
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Zhu J, Li M, Whelan M. Phosphorus activators contribute to legacy phosphorus availability in agricultural soils: A review. Sci Total Environ 2018; 612:522-537. [PMID: 28865270 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting macronutrients for crop productivity and P deficiency is a common phenomenon in agricultural soils worldwide. Despite long-term application of phosphate fertilizers to increase crop yields, P availability is often low, due to the high affinity of phosphate for the soil solid phase. It has been suggested that the accumulated (surplus) P in agricultural soils is sufficient to sustain crop yields worldwide for about 100years. In this paper, we try to clear up the potential for making use of legacy P in soils for crop growth potentially alleviating the global P resource shortage. Specifically, we try to clear up the potential of soil "P activators" for releasing fixed P. P activators accelerate and strengthen process which transform P into bio-available forms via a range of chemical reactions and biological interactions. They include phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, phosphatase enzymes and enzyme activators, low molecular weight organic acids, humic acids, lignin, crop residues, biochar and zeolites. Although reported performance is variable, there is growing evidence that P activators can promote the release of phosphate from soil and, hence, have potential for mitigating the impending global P crisis. Further basic and applied research is required to better understand the mechanisms of interaction of P activators with natural soils and to maximize activator efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Mick Whelan
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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