A journal club for peer mentorship: helping to navigate the transition to independent practice

Evaluating the Role of Mentorship in Career Advancement: A Survey of Women in Academic Hand Surgery

PURPOSE

Despite the increasing percentage of women within the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, women remain underrepresented within leadership in academic hand surgery. Although this disparity in leadership representation may be improving, we aimed to investigate the role mentorship plays in advancing women in academic hand surgery.

METHODS

This is a survey-based, mixed-methods study. A written survey assessing themes in personal and professional experiences with mentorship was sent to hand fellowship-trained women. Inclusion criteria were the completion of a hand fellowship and current affiliation with an academic institution. An evolved grounded theory framework was used to evaluate the responses. Themes were identified based on common responses.

RESULTS

Of 186 eligible participants, 144 (85.2%) received the survey. The response rate was 48.6%. Respondents indicated that residency was the stage at which mentorship was most impactful (n = 25, 37%), and half of the respondents identified their desire to work in academic hand surgery during residency (n = 35, 50%). Obstacles to finding a mentor included lack of availability (n = 46, 67.7%), hesitance in searching for a mentor (n = 16, 23.5%), and searching for a mentor within an environment that was not conducive to success for trainees (n = 7, 10.3%). Most (84%) cited instances were the ones having the advice of a woman mentor was more impactful than that of a mentor who is a man. The reported need for same-sex mentorship fell into three categories: (1) insight into shared experiences, (2) assistance with conflict/bias management, and (3) support during career navigation.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study demonstrate the need for high-quality mentorship during the residency with a specific emphasis on same-sex mentorship.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Our findings provide clear objectives related to improving access to and quality of mentorship. This foundational understanding will enrich mentor-mentee relationships, allowing for greater personal and professional success and satisfaction for both parties.

"Everything new is happening all at once": a qualitative study of early career obstetrician and gynaecologists' preparedness for independent practice

Background

The transition from residency training into practice is associated with increasing risks of litigation, burnout, and stress. Yet, we know very little about how best to prepare graduates for the full scope of independent practice, beyond ensuring clinical competence. Thus, we explored the transition to independent practice (TTP) experiences of recent Obstetrics and Gynaecology graduates to understand potential gaps in their perceived readiness for practice.

Methods

Using constructivist grounded theory, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 Obstetricians/Gynaecologists who graduated from nine Canadian residency programs within the last five years. Iterative data collection and analysis led to the development of key themes.

Results

Five key themes encompassed different practice gaps experienced by participants throughout their transition. These practice gaps fit into five competency domains: providing clinical care, such as managing unfamiliar low-risk ambulatory presentations; navigating logistics, such as triaging referrals; managing administration, such as hiring or firing support staff; reclaiming personhood, such as boundary-setting between work and home; and bearing ultimate responsibility, such as navigating patient complaints. Mitigating factors were found to widen or narrow the extent to which new graduates experienced a practice gap. There was a shared sense among participants that some practice gaps were impossible to resolve during training.

Conclusions

Existing practice gaps are multi-dimensional and perhaps not realistically addressed during residency. Instead, TTP mentorship and training opportunities must extend beyond residency to ensure that new graduates are equipped for the full breadth of independent practice.

Leveraging Society Membership for Career Development

A breast radiologist who is early in their career will be faced with many opportunities that can be both challenging and rewarding. It is helpful to be aware of the resources available in the breast imaging field. Specialty society membership provides opportunities for personal and professional growth. Connections and relationships can be made with other breast radiologists at differing career stages, presenting opportunities to develop mentor-mentee relationships with experienced members and peer-to-peer relationships with colleagues who may have similar professional experiences. The resources available through society membership can assist in career development and help navigate academic and private practice settings.

Stress and conflict from tacit culture forges professional identity in newly graduated independent physicians

To transition successfully into independent practice, newly graduated independent physicians (new "attendings") undergo a process of professional identity formation (PIF) as a clinician within a new community of practice (CoP). PIF is crafted by socialization within a CoP including transfer of tacit knowledge. While certain tacit knowledge is critical for professional identity, we understand little how it shapes PIF. We set out to describe the tacit knowledge acquired by new attendings within a CoP and how it contributes to PIF. Informed by constructivist grounded theory, we interviewed 23 new attendings about the tacit knowledge they acquired in early practice. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively. We identified themes using constant comparative analysis and generated a theory that underwent member checking and feedback. Implicit standards from group culture imparted high expectations on new attendings and led to internal stress. New attendings also encountered a tacit code of conduct as behavioral elements of group culture. These elements created external conflict between new attendings and group members such as departmental colleagues, consulting physicians, and other health professionals. Depending on the support they received, new attendings responded to the stress and conflict in three ways: they doubted, adjusted, or avoided. These strategies molded their professional identity, and moved them towards or away from the CoP as they navigated their transition and PIF. We describe a novel theory of how tacit group culture shaped new attending physicians' professional identity in a new community of practice. Internal stress and external conflict occurred due to high expectations and tacit culture elements. New attendings' doubt, adjust, or avoid responses, shaped by support they received, in turn crafted their professional identity. Education leaders should prepare graduating trainees to navigate aspects of transition to independent practice successfully.

Transition to practice curriculum for general internal medicine physicians: scoping review and Canadian national survey

BACKGROUND

There remains a paucity of evidence for curricula for the transition to practice (TTP) stage of Competence by Design internal medicine (IM) training programs. Current entrustable professional activities are based on expert consensus rather than robust subspecialty-specific needs assessment.

METHODS

A scoping review was completed to identify studies with TTP focus. A national survey was conducted to identify transition experiences for general internal medicine physicians. Results were assessed by grounded theory analysis to identify core topics for TTP curricula.

RESULTS

Neither scoping review nor national survey identified TTP topics related to the CanMEDS Medical Expert role. Scoping Review: 41 relevant studies were identified. Most (97.6%) were from North America. The most common study types were observational (survey) or curriculum (13/41 31.7% for each). Only two studies were exclusively in IM, and the most common subspecialty studied was surgical (13/41, 31.7%). The most common TTP topics were mentorship, billing and coding, practice management, negotiating contract and job, and financial aspects of practice. National Survey: There were 44 respondents, with the majority (25/44, 56.8%) having completed an IM subspecialty fellowship. Most (38/44) completed medical school in Canada, and most were from academic practice settings (33/44, 75.0%). The most common TTP topics were billing and coding, personal financial planning, practice management, work-life balance and mentorship. Grounded Theory Analysis: There were six themes that encompassed all TTP topics from the scoping review and national survey, being (i) building a career, (ii) continuing professional development, (iii) expectations of the profession, (iv) practice management, (v) Life, health and well-being and (vi) clinical skills. Curriculum competencies and resources for curriculum development were provided.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identifies topics critical for curricula development for IM transition to practice. Further research is required to evaluate effectiveness of curricula including topics and themes developed from this scoping review and national survey.

Transitioning Roles from Residency to Attending Physician in Radiation Oncology

Moving from the role of resident into that of a young attending is one of the most anticipated transitions in a medical trainee's career path. Radiation oncology residency training is typically apprentice-style focused in the outpatient setting, which carries additional unique challenges. Twenty-seven junior attendings at academic institutions within their first 5 years of practice were sent an online open-ended questionnaire in 2018 regarding aspects of their practice using a snowball sampling method. Responses were collected, and a thematic analysis was conducted in which two independent reviewers coded the responses. Nineteen junior attendings (70%) from 18 institutions completed the questionnaire. General themes included the importance of cultivating relationships for peer support and to be professional and polite as confidence was gained to enable them to be seen as an attending. All respondents felt that bringing an open mind, balance, and adaptability was crucial in their transition. Respondents stayed up to date on literature and practices by subscribing to journals, courses, and participation in resident education. Forty-two percent of young attendings were matched with a mentor at their new institution through a formal mentor-mentee relationship. Respondents wished that they had more autonomy during residency to prepare for independent practice. Transitioning from residency to a junior attending provides unique stressors and challenges. Allowing for residents to have more autonomy during their training, such as a senior resident clinic, may help improve this transition by providing an opportunity for independent decision-making with guidance as appropriate.

Understanding the Influence of the Junior Attending Role on Transition to Practice: A Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND

The Junior Attending (JA) role is an educational model, commonly implemented in the final years of training, wherein a very senior resident assumes the responsibilities of an attending physician under supervision. However, there is heterogeneity in the model's structure, and data are lacking on how it facilitates transition to independent practice.

OBJECTIVE

The authors sought to determine the value of the JA role and factors that enabled a successful experience.

METHODS

The authors performed a collective case study informed by a constructivist grounded theory analytical approach. Twenty semi-structured interviews from 2017 to 2020 were conducted across 2 cases: (1) Most Responsible Physician JA role (general internal medicine), and (2) Consultant JA role (infectious diseases and rheumatology). Participants included recent graduates who experienced the JA role, supervising attendings, and resident and faculty physicians who had not experienced or supervised the role.

RESULTS

Experiencing the JA role builds resident confidence and may support the transition to independent practice, mainly in non-medical expert domains, as well as comfort in dealing with clinical uncertainty. The relationship between the supervising attending and the JA is an essential success factor, with more productive experiences reported when there is an establishment of clear goals and role definition that preserves the autonomy of the JA and legitimizes the JA's status as a team leader.

CONCLUSIONS

The JA model offers promise in supporting the transition to independent practice when key success factors are present.

Transitioning to Practice: Getting up to Speed in Efficiency and Accuracy

The transition from trainee to breast radiologist is challenging. The many new responsibilities that breast radiologists acquire while establishing themselves as clinicians may increase stress and anxiety. Taking inventory of existing knowledge and skills and addressing deficits toward the end of one's training can be beneficial. New breast radiologists should expect to be slower and gain proficiency in the first several years out of training. Having realistic expectations for oneself with respect to screening mammography interpretation and following up on the subsequent diagnostic imaging workup of screening callback examinations can increase competence and confidence. Familiarity with the available literature to guide management in the diagnostic setting can increase efficiency. Planning ahead for localizations and biopsies also allows for efficiency while alleviating anxiety. Ultimately, adapting to a new work environment using a collaborative approach with primary healthcare providers, pathologists, and surgeons while remembering to have mentors within and beyond the field of radiology allows for a more successful transition.

Pediatric anesthesia training to early career stage: Opportunities for firm foundations

Attaining professional contentment can be challenging for many. Academic success, psychosocial support, and the confidence to provide excellent clinical care at the workplace are key pillars that can help build a sense of meaning in a career. The role of mentorship in facilitating these key pillars at different stages of pediatric anesthesia training and new independent practice is instrumental. For mentees aspiring for a career in pediatric anesthesia, there are several points of focus. Mentees should seek out mentors early in training, build on these relationships, and explore opportunities for peer mentorship as they advance in their career. For mentors, introducing mentees to the clinical and academic aspects of pediatric anesthesia and setting the foundation for the mentee to advance in their career can be both gratifying and stimulating. In this article, we explore the development and progression of a mentor-mentee relationship through training to the early career stage and its role in developing a meaningful career in pediatric anesthesia.

An Advanced Boot Camp for Pediatric Anesthesiology Fellows

BACKGROUND

Managing pediatric crises necessitates the acquisition of unique skills and confidence in its execution. Our aim was to develop and assess a curriculum based on the constructivist learning environment to enhance learning, orientation, and preparation of graduating pediatric anesthesiology fellows.

METHODS

Fifty pediatric anesthesiology fellows from 9 academic institutions in the United States were recruited for an advanced boot camp over a 2-year period. Training stations were developed using high-fidelity simulation, standardized patients, self-reflection modules, and facilitated discussions. The curriculum was evaluated using an anonymous survey that assessed knowledge, self-confidence, appropriateness of case-scenario complexity, and usefulness for transitioning into an independent practitioner on a Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Data points were expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR).

RESULTS

Ninety-eight percent of the fellows completed a survey. Fellow perceptions of the advanced boot camp was positive. The median scores (IQR) for knowledge, self-confidence, appropriateness of case complexity, and usefulness for transition in 2017 were 5 (3,5), 4.5 (3,5), 5 (3,5), and 5 (3,5), respectively, and 5 (3,5), 4.5 (3,5), 5 (4,5), and 5 (3,5), respectively, in 2018. The IQR in the assessment for an appropriate level of complexity for their level of training, narrowed in 2018 (4,5), when compared with 2017 (3,5).

CONCLUSIONS

Fellow responses support the idea that the advanced boot camp provided tools and strategies for their transition. A narrowed IQR regarding the appropriate level of complexity of scenarios in 2018, when compared with 2017, might suggest an improvement in the curriculum.

Medical Education Journal Club for the Millennial Resident: An Interactive, No-Prep Approach

OBJECTIVE

The traditional journal club (JC) format of reviewing an article followed by group discussion may be misaligned with millennial learners' needs and may not rely on best principles of adult learning. Our objective was to deliver an interactive JC allowing pediatric residents to critically engage with medical education research without previous preparation.

METHODS

We conducted 4 one-hour "interactive, no-prep" medical education JCs for pediatric residents in a medium-sized program in 2018. Without previous reading, participants developed methods to answer the study question, compared that with actual methods, analyzed the results, and extrapolated the findings. We developed a simple, anonymous evaluation tool to determine perceived educational impact, analyzed using mixed methods.

RESULTS

A total of 52 of 59 participants (88% response rate) indicated on a 7-point scale that the JC helped them think about how to analyze a paper (mean = 5.32), use a paper to inform further study questions (mean = 5.42), and understand medical education research (mean = 6.00). Four qualitative themes indicated that, although improvement was possible, it provided a strong interactive learning experience.

CONCLUSIONS

Our JC approach using active learning principles and requiring no advance preparation is proof of concept that faculty's objectives to teach critical literature evaluation and millennial needs for engagement can be simultaneously met.

Self-Assessment of Preparedness among Critical Care Trainees Transitioning from Fellowship to Practice

This study evaluated the subjective assessment of preparedness needs of critical care trainees and recent graduates between 2013 and 2014. A questionnaire was developed and validated by the subcommittee of the In-Training Section of Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). The survey was deployed twice between December 2013 and January 2014 via email to any trainee or individual graduated from a critical care fellowship within the previous three years. Six percent (180) of all individuals completed the survey, and 67% of respondents had recently interviewed for a job. Northeast was the preferred location for a job (47%), and academia was favored over private practice (80% vs. 15%). Of the respondents that secured an interview, 55% felt prepared for the interview, 67% felt prepared to build an adequate job portfolio, 33% received formal guidance from their mentor/training program. 89% of total respondents agreed it is important to participate in a formal training course in job search, portfolio development, and interviewing process. The preferred sources of training were equally distributed between their home institution, webinars, and SCCM. There is an ongoing need in education regarding the transition period from fellowship to practice.

Help, I'm a specialist!-Perspectives of recently qualified geriatricians on the experiences and challenges of working as a consultant geriatrician

OBJECTIVE

To gain insights into the experience and challenges faced by Australasian geriatricians who have recently made the transition from advanced trainee to consultant.

METHODS

An interpretative exploratory qualitative study. Geriatricians with five or less years of experience as consultants were recruited by email. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, with themes identified through open axial coding.

RESULTS

Respondents (n = 20) experienced a transition period in which they adjusted to the roles of final decision-maker and manager. Respondents felt relatively confident with their clinical skills, but under-prepared for non-clinical roles associated with becoming a consultant. Most respondents described challenges with career planning. Support networks were considered critical.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first study in Australasia exploring the transition from trainee to consultant geriatrician. Training programs should endeavour to create "consultant-like roles" during advanced training and address non-clinical competencies. Participants perceived that there should be more emphasis on career planning and mentorship.

Thrown into the world of independent practice: from unexpected uncertainty to new identities

One of the most exciting yet stressful times in a physician's life is transitioning from supervised training into independent practice. The majority of literature devoted to this topic has focused upon a perceived gap between clinical and non-clinical skills and interventions taken to address it. Building upon recent streams of scholarship in identity formation and adaptation to new contexts, this work uses a Heideggerian perspective to frame an autoethnographical exploration of the author's transition into independent paediatric practice. An archive of reflective journal entries and personal communications was assembled from the author's first 3 years of practice in four different contexts and analyzed using Heidegger's linked existentials of understanding, attunement and discourse. Insights from his journey suggest this period is a time of anxiety and vulnerability when one questions one's competence and very identity as a medical professional. At the same time, it illustrates the inseparable link between practitioners and the network of relationships in which they are bound, how these relationships contextually vary and how recognizing and tuning to these differences may allow for a more seamless transition. While this work is the experience of one person, its insights support the ideas that change is a constant in professional practice and competence is contextual. As a result, developing educational content that inculcates contextual flexibility and an increased comfort level with uncertainty may prepare our trainees not just to navigate the unavoidable novelty of transition, but lay the groundwork for professional identities attuned to engage more broadly with change itself.

Transition to practice: creation of a transitional rotation for radiation oncology

BACKGROUND

Implementation of Competence by Design (CBD) will require residency training programs to develop formalized "Transition to Practice" (TTP) experiences. A multidisciplinary group of Radiation Oncology stakeholders from tertiary care centres in Atlantic Canada were surveyed regarding a proposed TTP rotation.

METHODS

The survey asked participants to quantitatively rank various learning objectives based on defined CanMEDS skills that are expected to be mastered by a graduating resident. Mean perceived importance scores were calculated for each objective as well as for their CanMEDS category. Specific written qualitative feedback was also collected.

RESULTS

The survey was circulated to 59 participants with a response rate of 73%. The three objectives with the highest mean importance score were "Independently assessing and managing patients seen in consultation," "Developing and demonstrating communication skills with patients at an advanced level," and "Independently assessing and managing follow up patients," respectively from highest to lowest. The CanMEDS roles with the highest importance score was "Communicator."

CONCLUSION

Quantitative and qualitative data from a multidisciplinary survey based on CanMEDS roles guided the implementation of a TTP rotation for PGY-5 residents at a tertiary care centre in Atlantic Canada. These results may be relevant to other training programs developing TTP experiences.

The do's, don't and don't knows of supporting transition to more independent practice

INTRODUCTION

Transitions are traditionally viewed as challenging for clinicians. Throughout medical career pathways, clinicians need to successfully navigate successive transitions as they become progressively more independent practitioners. In these guidelines, we aim to synthesize the evidence from the literature to provide guidance for supporting clinicians in their development of independence, and highlight areas for further research.

METHODS

Drawing upon D3 method guidance, four key themes universal to medical career transitions and progressive independence were identified by all authors through discussion and consensus from our own experience and expertise: workplace learning, independence and responsibility, mentoring and coaching, and patient perspectives. A scoping review of the literature was conducted using Medline database searches in addition to the authors' personal archives and reference snowballing searches.

RESULTS

387 articles were identified and screened. 210 were excluded as not relevant to medical transitions (50 at title screen; 160 at abstract screen). 177 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility; a further 107 were rejected (97 did not include career transitions in their study design; 10 were review articles; the primary references of these were screened for inclusion). 70 articles were included of which 60 provided extractable data for the final qualitative synthesis. Across the four key themes, seven do's, two don'ts and seven don't knows were identified, and the strength of evidence was graded for each of these recommendations.

CONCLUSION

The two strongest messages arising from current literature are first, transitions should not be viewed as one moment in time: career trajectories are a continuum with valuable opportunities for personal and professional development throughout. Second, learning needs to be embedded in practice and learners provided with authentic and meaningful learning opportunities. In this paper, we propose evidence-based guidelines aimed at facilitating such transitions through the fostering of progressive independence.