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Kirpalani A, Teoh CW, Ng VL, Dipchand AI, Matsuda-Abedini M. Kidney disease in children with heart or liver transplant. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:3595-3605. [PMID: 33599850 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-04949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been increasing recognition of kidney disease in children with non-kidney solid organ transplantation. The risk of kidney disease in children undergoing heart or liver transplantation is higher than the general population as the underlying disease and its associated management may directly impair kidney function. Both heart and liver failures contribute to hypoperfusion and kidney ischemia before patients reach the point of transplant. The transplant surgery itself can often be complicated by acute kidney injury (AKI), which may be further exacerbated by a complicated postoperative course. In the short- and long-term post-transplant period, these children are at risk of acute illness, exposed to nephrotoxic medications, and susceptible to rare but severe infections and immunologic insults that may contribute to AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In some, CKD can progress to kidney failure with replacement therapy (KFRT). CKD and KFRT are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Therefore, it is critical to monitor for and recognize the risk factors for kidney injury in this population and mitigate these risks. In this paper, the authors provide an overview of kidney disease pertaining to heart and liver transplantation in children with guidance on monitoring, diagnosis, prevention, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kirpalani
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chia Wei Teoh
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vicky Lee Ng
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne I Dipchand
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Labatt Family Heart Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mina Matsuda-Abedini
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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