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Alizadeh M, Noori R, Omidvar B, Nohegar A, Pistre S. Human health risk of nitrate in groundwater of Tehran-Karaj plain, Iran. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7830. [PMID: 38570538 PMCID: PMC10991333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Groundwater pollution by nitrate has is a major concern in the Tehran-Karaj aquifer, Iran, where the wells provide up to 80% of the water supply for a population of more than 18 million-yet detailed human health risks associated with nitrate are unknown due to the lack of accessible data to adequately cover the aquifer in both place and time. Here, using a rich dataset measured annually in more than 75 wells, we mapped the non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate in the aquifer between 2007 and 2018, a window with the most extensive anthropogenic activities in this region. Nitrate concentration varied from ~ 6 to ~ 150 mg/L, around three times greater than the standard level for drinking use, i.e. 50 mg/L. Samples with a non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate, which mainly located in the eastern parts of the study region, threatened children's health, the most vulnerable age group, in almost all of the years during the study period. Our findings revealed that the number of samples with a positive risk of nitrate for adults decreased in the aquifer from 2007 (17 wells) to 2018 (6 wells). Although we hypothesized that unsustainable agricultural practices, the growing population, and increased industrial activities could have increased the nitrate level in the Tehran-Karaj aquifer, improved sanitation infrastructures helped to prevent the intensification of nitrate pollution in the aquifer during the study period. Our compilation of annually mapped non-carcinogenic risks of nitrate is beneficial for local authorities to understand the high-risk zones in the aquifer and for the formulation of policy actions to protect the human health of people who use groundwater for drinking and other purposes in this densely populated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Alizadeh
- Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417853111, Iran
| | - Roohollah Noori
- Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417853111, Iran.
- Faculty of Governance, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1439814151, Iran.
| | - Babak Omidvar
- Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417853111, Iran
| | - Ahmad Nohegar
- Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417853111, Iran
| | - Severin Pistre
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France
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Vesković J, Deršek-Timotić I, Lučić M, Miletić A, Đolić M, Ražić S, Onjia A. Entropy-weighted water quality index, hydrogeochemistry, and Monte Carlo simulation of source-specific health risks of groundwater in the Morava River plain (Serbia). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116277. [PMID: 38537568 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Population growth, urbanization, industry, floods, and agriculture globally degrade groundwater in river plains, necessitating action for its quality assessment and management. Hence, a comprehensive methodology, including hydrogeochemical facies (Piper, Gibbs), irrigation indices (SAR, Wilcox), entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Monte Carlo simulation of source-specific health risks was used in this study to analyze groundwater in the Morava river plain (Serbia). The results revealed a prevalent Ca-Mg-HCO3 groundwater type, influenced by water-rock interactions. Although groundwater was found suitable for irrigation, only 66.7 % of the samples were considered drinkable. Agricultural activities, natural processes, and municipal wastewater were identified as primary pollution sources. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard index (HI) threshold exceedance for adults and children ranged from 8.5 % to 39 % of the samples, with arsenic identified as the most risk-contributing contaminant. These findings provide valuable insights for researchers studying groundwater vulnerability in river plains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vesković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Deršek-Timotić
- Serbian Environmental Protection Agency, Ruže Jovanovića 27a, 11160 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Lučić
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Miletić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Đolić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Ražić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Antonije Onjia
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Askari M, Soleimani H, Babakrpur Nalosi K, Saeedi R, Abolli S, Ghani M, Abtahi M, Alimohammadi M. Bottled water safety evaluation: A comprehensive health risk assessment of oral exposure to heavy metals through deterministic and probabilistic approaches by Monte Carlo simulation. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114492. [PMID: 38325637 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of bottled water has witnessed substantial global expansion in recent times. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the concentrations of eight heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Zn) in 71 high-consumption bottled water brands in Iran. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk assessments were conducted using both deterministic and probabilistic approaches. Point estimation utilizing the Hazard Quotient (HQ) formula and sensitivity analysis employing the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method through 10,000 repetitions in Oracle Crystal Ball® was used to ascertain the health risks associated with heavy metal exposure. Heavy metal concentrations were quantified through Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). HQ point estimation results indicated that Cr exhibited the highest mean HQ value, whereas Cd demonstrated the lowest. In the probabilistic approach, the highest 95 percentile values were observed for Cr and Mo at 3.9E-01, while the lowest values were recorded for Cr and Mn at 1.10E-02. Heavy metal concentrations emerged as critical factors influencing non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks across all groups in the sensitivity analysis. The findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring, research, and targeted regulations to address health risks from heavy metal exposure in bottled water and ensure public well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Askari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Soleimani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamal Babakrpur Nalosi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Abolli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Abtahi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alimohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Health Equity Research Centre (HERC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kamboj S, Singh N, Arora NK. Spatio-temporal variability of public water supply characteristics and associated health hazards for children and adults in selected locations of Ambala, India. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2024; 96:e10971. [PMID: 38234250 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The contamination of public water supply and groundwater resources is a major concern in many parts of developing nations. Polluted water poses serious health risks to humans and the environment. This research was conducted to investigate the seasonal variations of the water quality parameters in the public water supply. To assess the supply water quality in different blocks of Ambala District, hydro-chemical analysis was conducted after a series of systematic sampling in various locations. The statistical tools for water quality indexing including water quality indexing (WQI), heavy metal pollution indexing (HMPI), pollution indexing (PI), overall pollution indexing (OPI), metal indexing (MI), and hazard indexing (HI) were used for data as well as the health hazard analysis through water pathway. Overall, 40 water samples were taken from the public water supply systems covering winter and summer seasons, and the levels of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), EC, F- , Cl- , NO3 - , SO4 2- , HCO3 - , As, B, Cd, Co, Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe, and Mn were investigated. The weight arithmetic index method was used for WQI, and water pollution indices such as HMPI, PI, OPI, and MI were calculated using different models to check the severity of contamination. The mean hazard quotient and hazard index values calculated using the concentration levels of As, B, Cd, Co, Pb, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, F- , and NO3 - reveal that supply water may pose a significant health risk to both adults and children that further varies with temporal and spatial changes. During both seasons, a high carcinogenic risk for both adults and children was observed in the studied area because of high levels of As, Pb, Cd, and NO3 - . PRACTITIONER POINTS: The quality of public supply water was assessed at the selected sites of Ambala, India. High levels of NO3 - , As, Cd, and Pb were observed posing a health risk to adults and children via water pathway. 95% of the samples qualified for the excellent water quality category with respect to the levels of F- , Cl- , NO3 - , SO4 2- , HCO3 - , pH, EC, and TDS. Statistical analysis (HMPI, PI, MI, OPI, HI) using different models revealed water contamination with reference to the levels of NO3 - , As, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd. Immediate measures are needed to uphold the safety and health of the natives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Kamboj
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
| | - Nirankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, India
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Radfard M, Hashemi H, Baghapour MA, Samaei MR, Yunesian M, Soleimani H, Azhdarpoor A. Prediction of human health risk and disability-adjusted life years induced by heavy metals exposure through drinking water in Fars Province, Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19080. [PMID: 37925586 PMCID: PMC10625539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metals in contaminated drinking water is strongly correlated with various cancers, highlighting the burden of disease. This study aimed to assess the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in drinking water of Fars province and evaluate the attributed burden of disease. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment was performed using the hazard quotient (HQ) method, while the carcinogenic risk assessment utilized the excess lifetime cancer risk approach. The burden of disease was evaluated in terms of years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for three specific cancers: skin, lung, and kidney cancer. The average drinking water concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and lead (Pb) were determined to be 0.72, 0.4, 1.10 and 0.72 μg/L, respectively. The total average HQ of heavy metals in drinking water in the study area were 0.127, 0.0047, 0.0009 and 0.0069, respectively. The average ILCRs of heavy metal in the entire country were in the following order: 1.15 × 10-5 for As, 2.22 × 10-7 for Cd and 3.41 × 10-7 for Cr. The results also indicated that among the various counties analyzed, Fasa experiences the greatest burden of disease in terms of DALYs, with a value of 87.56, specifically attributed to cancers caused by exposure to arsenic. Generally, it can be said that the burden of disease is a critical aspect of public health that requires comprehensive understanding and effective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Radfard
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Baghapour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Samaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Soleimani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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6
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Badeenezhad A, Soleimani H, Shahsavani S, Parseh I, Mohammadpour A, Azadbakht O, Javanmardi P, Faraji H, Babakrpur Nalosi K. Comprehensive health risk analysis of heavy metal pollution using water quality indices and Monte Carlo simulation in R software. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15817. [PMID: 37740101 PMCID: PMC10517167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid urbanization, population growth, agricultural practices, and industrial activities have led to widespread groundwater contamination. This study evaluated heavy metal contamination in residential drinking water in Shiraz, Iran (2021). The analysis involved 80 groundwater samples collected across wet and dry seasons. Water quality was comprehensively assessed using several indices, including the heavy metals evaluation index (HEI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), contamination degree (CD), and metal index (MI). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments were conducted using deterministic and probabilistic approaches for exposed populations. In the non-carcinogenic risk assessment, the chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) are employed. The precision of risk assessment was bolstered through the utilization of Monte Carlo simulation, executed using the R software platform. Based on the results, in both wet and dry seasons, Zinc (Zn) consistently demonstrates the highest mean concentration, followed by Manganese (Mn) and Chromium (Cr). During the wet and dry seasons, 25% and 40% of the regions exhibited high CD, respectively. According to non-carcinogenic risk assessment, Cr presents the highest CDI and HQ in children and adults, followed by Mn, As and HI values, indicating elevated risk for children. The highest carcinogenic risk was for Cr in adults, while the lowest was for Cd in children. The sensitivity analysis found that heavy metal concentration and ingestion rate significantly impact both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. These findings provide critical insights for shaping policy and allocating resources towards effectively managing heavy metal contamination in residential drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Badeenezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Soleimani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student's Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Parseh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Azadbakht
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Parviz Javanmardi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Faraji
- Health Systems Research, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Kamal Babakrpur Nalosi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Ketema B, Amde M, Teju E. Contents and health risk assessments of selected heavy metals in vegetables produced through irrigation with effluent-impacted river. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1160. [PMID: 37674096 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The widely consumed vegetables, khat, lettuce, and Swiss chard, in Hirna town, West Hararghe, Ethiopia, are extensively cultivated through irrigation with an effluent-impacted river that flows through the town which denotes that monitoring the safety of the vegetables is crucial. Herein, the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd in vegetables, water, and soils were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after a wet digestion procedure based on a mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 at 200 °C. pH and electrical conductivity of the water and soil, and health risks associated with vegetable consumption were determined. The pH of the water (6.64) and soil (6.67) was slightly acidic, and electrical conductivity values were 0.416 and 0.024 mS/cm, respectively, indicating both are in good condition. The metal concentrations were in the range of ND-3.12, 3.43-9.22, and 0.15-10.6 mg/L in the water, soil, and vegetables, respectively, and the contents followed a trend of Cu > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cd. The irrigation water contained all metals above the guidelines except Cd, and the soil contained safe levels except Cd which is above the guideline. The obtained metal levels in the vegetables were below the safe limits. Estimated daily intakes and the total target cancer risks were below the guidelines, and the target hazard quotient and the hazard index were below 1 indicating that the vegetables are safe for consumption. In general, the obtained results suggest that the vegetables are safe for consumption. However, continuous monitoring and policy development are required to mitigate contamination of the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhan Ketema
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Amde
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia.
| | - Endale Teju
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Kamani H, Hosseini A, Mohebi S, Keshtkar M, Mohammadpour A, Khodadadi N, Mohammadi L, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Evaluation of water quality of Chahnimeh as natural reservoirs from Sistan region in southwestern Iran: a Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65618-65630. [PMID: 37086314 PMCID: PMC10182938 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining the water quality is essential because of the limitation of drinking water bodies and their significant effects on life. Recently, much scientific interest has been attracted to the ecological condition assessment of water resources. Because of numerous health issues connected to water quality, the present work aimed to define the water quality status of Chahnimeh reservoirs, Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran via the Iran Water Quality Index (IRWQISC), the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), and human risk assessment. This cross-sectional descriptive work was accomplished in 4 seasons in 2020. The samples were gathered from 5 various points of Chahnimeh reservoirs. This study led to the results that the NSFWQI index was between 29.4 to 49.32, which showed "bad" quality, and the IRWQI index was between 19.27 and 39.23, which indicated "bad" and "relatively bad" quality. The best water quality based on both indexes was observed in the spring, and the worst was in the fall and summer. The highest value of HQ related to nitrate in drinking water was 1.60 in the group of children. However, according to the Monte Carlo simulation, HQ95% was estimated as 1.29. The Sobol sensitivity analysis of the first-order effect showed that daily water's daily ingestion rate (IR) was the most sensitive input. In addition, the value of the second-order effect indicated that the interaction effect of concentration-ingestion rate was the most sensitive input parameter for HQ. Therefore, regular monitoring is necessary to ensure water safety for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Kamani
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Alireza Hosseini
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mohebi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshtkar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | | | - Leili Mohammadi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, 98167-43463, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland.
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Pereira WS, Kelecom A, Lopes JM, Charles-Pierre M, Campelo ELC, Carmo AS, Filho LGP, Paiva AKS, Silva AX. Application of radiological assessment as water quality criterion for effluent release in a Brazilian uranium mine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65379-65391. [PMID: 37084045 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Uranium mining causes several radiological impacts on the surrounding environment, notably in the water bodies, mainly due to the release of long half-life radionuclides from the 238U and 232Th series. The Ore Treatment Unit, an old uranium mine undergoing decommissioning, has three points of liquid effluent release (#014, #025, and #076). For current study, 78 samples of water were collected at #014, 33 samples at #025, and 63 samples at #076. The radionuclides were analyzed by gross alpha count, gross beta count, and by arsenazo spectrophotometry. Analyses were carried out using the radiological water quality criterion established by World Health Organization and other organizations, together with the Brazilian legislation, to assess if the released effluents may be used unrestrictedly by the individuals of the public. At #014, the mean values of activity concentration (AC), in Bq·L-1, were as follows: Unat = 0.107, 226Ra = 0.035, 210Pb = 0.031, 232Th = 0.007, and 228Ra = 0.049. At #025 the mean values of AC, in Bq·L-1, were as follows: Unat = 0.086, 226Ra = 0.015, 210Pb = 0.028, 232Th = 0.006, and 228Ra = 0.032. Finally, at point #076, the mean AC values, in Bq·L-1, were as follows: Unat = 3.624, 226Ra = 0.074, 210Pb = 0.054, 232Th = 0.013, and 228Ra = 0.069. The current study showed that natural radionuclides were not in secular equilibrium. Despite uranium presented its values outside the limits of guidance levels, it can be state that the unrestricted use of effluents released in the three water bodies is authorized from the radiological point of view. In terms of dose rate, the releases at three points were within the radiological limits of potability. On the other hand, in an additional analysis, #76 presented chemical toxicity above the authorized value, pointing the need of restricted use of water from the point of view of chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner S Pereira
- Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S/A - INB, 27.555-000, Resende, RJ, Brasil.
- Programa de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, 21.941-972, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Alphonse Kelecom
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, 24.001-970, Niterói, Brasil
| | - José M Lopes
- Departamento de Física da Terra e do Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, 40.170-115, Salvador, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica (POSPETRO), Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, 40.170-110, Salvador, Brasil
| | - Maxime Charles-Pierre
- Programa de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, 21.941-972, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Alessander S Carmo
- Setor de Criogenia, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas - CBPF, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Lucas G Padilha Filho
- Departamento de Radiologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, 21941-617, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Fundação Técnico Educacional Souza Marques - FTESM, 21310-310, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Alexandre K S Paiva
- Programa de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, 21.941-972, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ademir X Silva
- Programa de Engenharia Nuclear, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, 21.941-972, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Ecological risk assessment and heavy metals accumulation in agriculture soils irrigated with treated wastewater effluent, river water, and well water combined with chemical fertilizers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14580. [PMID: 36967922 PMCID: PMC10034443 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Contaminated irrigation water can increase trace heavy metals concentration in agricultural soil. The present research aimed to investigate the effect of three types of irrigation water sources, including treated wastewater effluent, Gharasoo river water, and well water with chemical fertilizer, on the accumulation and ecological risk of heavy metals in agricultural soils. Soil samples were collected before and after crop irrigation to evaluate heavy metal concentrations. The samples were analyzed to determine the presence of arsenic, nickel, cadmium, iron, chromium, zinc, lead, copper, and manganese. Based on the results, the concentration of essential metals in the soil before the irrigation process was more than toxic metals. The different irrigation sources increased the concentration of all heavy metals in the soil, and the accumulation of Cr, Ni, and Cd significantly elevated more than others. Irrigation resources' effectiveness in transferring heavy metals to the soil was obtained as treated wastewater effluent < well water with fertilizer < river water. Furthermore, the potential ecological risk index (RI) for irrigated soil was in a high-risk category. Therefore, it is recommended that the river water should not be used to irrigate vegetables to the utmost possible. Finally, the low heavy metals concentration and the presence of nutrients in treated wastewater effluent make this source the most suited source of irrigation because it eliminates the need for chemical fertilizers by farmers and transfers fewer heavy metals to the soil.
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Investigation of health risk assessment and the effect of various irrigation water on the accumulation of toxic metals in the most widely consumed vegetables in Iran. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20806. [PMID: 36460691 PMCID: PMC9718763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of irrigation water sources can significantly affect the concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in cultivated vegetables. This study aimed to investigate the effect of various water resources, including treated wastewater effluent (TWE), river water (RW), and well water with chemical fertilizer (WW+F), on the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the three most widely consumed edible vegetables (Coriander, Radish, and Basil) in Iran. A total of 90 samples of edible vegetables, 13 samples of irrigation water, and 10 soil samples were collected to determine HMs concentrations. Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni,) and Arsenic (As) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Eventually, the Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) for the toxic metals of As, Pb, and Cd was determined. The results revealed that the TTHQ of toxic metals in vegetables was less than the allowable limits (TTHQ = 1). Also, TWE was the best irrigation water type since the HMs content of vegetables was low. By comparing the results with national and international standards, it can be concluded that the Gharasou RW for irrigation of edible vegetables was inappropriate.
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Shahsavani S, Mohammadpour A, Shooshtarian MR, Soleimani H, Ghalhari MR, Badeenezhad A, Baboli Z, Morovati R, Javanmardi P. An ontology-based study on water quality: probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to fluoride and nitrate in Shiraz drinking water, Iran using fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making models. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:35. [PMID: 36289114 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
World Health Organization reports that 2.2 million people die yearly from insufficient sanitary drinking water. This ontology-based study focused on investigating the chemical quality of drinking water through a new water quality index designed by fuzzy multi-criteria group decision-making methods, merged with GIS, and, secondly, surveying non-carcinogenic risk assessment of fluoride and nitrate using Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis in Shiraz's water sources. F-, NO3-, NO2-, EC, TDS, alkalinity, TH, SO42-, Cl-, and Na were applied in the WQI. The NO3- mean concentrations were 23.15 and 27.66 mg/L in the cold and warm seasons, while the mean concentrations of fluoride were 0.50 and 0.46 mg/L during the cold and warm period. The 95th centiles of fluoride's HQs among infants, children, teenagers, and adults were 0.56, 0.7, 0.49, and 0.4, respectively, in the cold season, which was 0.65 and 0.81, respectively, 0.57 and 0.46 for mentioned groups in the warm season. In comparison, the 95th centiles of nitrate's HQs among infants, children, teenagers, and adults were 1.27, 1.59, 1.13, and 0.9, respectively. The HQs were more than 1 for infants, children, and teenagers, so nitrate can have various adverse effects, whereas fluoride does not adversely affect all aging groups in both seasons. Also, nitrate concentration can increase the non-carcinogenic risk, which the IR and ED lead to the HQ increasing. In contrast, BW has a negative effect on risk increasing. Overall, source management of these parameters can significantly reduce the concentration of nitrate and their adverse human health effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Shahsavani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shooshtarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Hamed Soleimani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Badeenezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Zeynab Baboli
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Medical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Roya Morovati
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parviz Javanmardi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Mohammadpour A, Zarei AA, Dehbandi R, Khaksefidi R, Shahsavani E, Rahimi S, Elshall AS, Azhdarpoor A. Comprehensive assessment of water quality and associated health risks in an arid region in south Iran. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 135:105264. [PMID: 36152980 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at investigating the quality of drinking water and evaluating the non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride and nitrate ions in drinking water, and fluoride in tea in Zarrin Dasht, Iran. We focus on tea since it is the most popular drink among Iranian people and in the study region. We collected and analyzed 23 drinking water samples and 23 tea samples from different locations in the study region. Based on the water quality index, the consumed drinking water does not have a good quality in most Zarrin Dasht areas. Accordingly, the water quality index (WQI) is poor and very poor in 70% and 13% of the water samples, respectively. The average fluoride concentration of the tea samples is 2.71 mg/L. The mean values of Fluoride Hazard Index (HIfluoride) are 3.77, 2.77, and 2.33 for children, teenagers, and adults, respectively, which are higher than the safe limit of 1. The Nitrate Hazard Index (HInitrate) is higher than the safe limit of 1 in 8.7% of the samples. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation demonstrate that HIfluoride and HInitrate are higher than 1 in all the groups, except for adults. According to the results of the sensitivity analysis, ingestion rate and body weight have a large effect on HIfluoride and HInitrate, but body weight is inversely associated with sensitivity. According to the Piper diagram, saline water is the predominant type in Zarrin Dasht. Besides, the results of the principal component analysis (PCA) show a high correlation between fluoride and pH, which could be related to the effect of pH on fluoride dissolution and ion exchange. Therefore, appropriate measures are recommended to be taken in order to reduce the amount of fluoride in the drinking water resources of this region. Reduction of tea consumption can also be considered an important factor in decreasing the amount of fluoride intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Allah Zarei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Reza Dehbandi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razyeh Khaksefidi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Shahsavani
- Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Sajad Rahimi
- Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ahmed S Elshall
- Department of Bioengineering, Civil Engineering, and Environmental Engineering, U.A. Whitaker College of Engineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, USA; The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL, USA
| | - Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Nitrate in Groundwater Resources of Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran: Concentration Estimation, Distribution and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment Using Monte Carlo Simulation. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High nitrate concentration in drinking water has the potential to cause a series of harmful effects on human health. This study aims to evaluate the health risk of nitrate in groundwater resources of Hormozgan province in four age groups, including infants, children, teenagers, and adults, based on the US EPA methodology and Monte Carlo technique to assess uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to investigate the spatial distribution of nitrate levels in the study area. The nitrate concentration ranged from 0.3 to 30 mg/L, with an average of 7.37 ± 5.61 mg/L. There was no significant difference between the average concentration of nitrate in all study areas (p > 0.05). The hazard quotient (HQ) was less than 1 for all age groups and counties, indicating a low-risk level. The HQ95 for infants and children in the Monte Carlo simulation was 1.34 and 1.22, respectively. The sensitivity analysis findings showed that the parameter with the most significant influence on the risk of toxicity in all age groups was the nitrate content. Therefore, implementing a water resources management program in the study area can reduce nitrate concentration and enhance water quality.
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Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, sixty-one groundwater samples were collected from various groundwater sources in District Sanghar, Sindh province, Pakistan, to understand the geochemical behavior of elevated As in groundwater. Statistical summary showed the cations and anions abundance in decreasing order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−. Arsenic was found with low to high concentration levels ranging from 5 µg to 25 µg/L with a mean value of 12.9 µg/L. A major water type of groundwater samples was mixed with NaCl and CaHCO3 type, interpreting the hydrochemical behavior of rock–water interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the mixed anthropogenic and natural sources of contamination in the study area. Moreover, rock weathering and exchange of ions controlled the hydrochemistry. Chloro-alkaline indices revealed the dominance of the reverse ion exchange mechanism in the region. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) exposed that 17 samples represent poor water, and 11 samples are not suitable for drinking.
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