Synthesis of BiOI@NH2-MIL125(Ti)/Zeolite as a novel MOF and advanced hybrid oxidation process application in benzene removal from polluted air stream

Measurement and health risks assessment of BTEX compounds exposure in beauty Lahijan City salons

The presence of BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene) compounds in beauty salons has raised concerns about potential health risks. This study aimed to measure the levels of BTEX compounds in the air of beauty salons in Lahijan, Iran and assess the associated health risks. Air samples were collected from 15 beauty salons, and the concentrations of BTEX compounds were measured according to 1501 NIOSH standard method. The results showed that the mean concentrations of benzene (20.62 µg/m3), toluene (18.3 µg/m3), ethylbenzene (38.36 µg/m3), and O and P-xylene (27.35, 23.6 µg/m3) were above the recommended levels. The indoor to outdoor ratios for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, O and P-xylene were 3.04, 2.36, 3.75, 4.89, and 6.54, respectively. Also, the toluene/benzene (T/B) ratio in indoor and outdoor was 20.9 and 2.68 respectively. Almost half of the technicians (49.12%) reported adverse health effects, including joint pain, itchy eyes and nose, and respiratory allergies. The IARC guideline suggests that there is a potential risk of cancer development for individuals in all salons with LCR values exceeding 10-6, but the HQ index values indicate no non-carcinogenic risk. The findings suggest that beauty salon workers and customers are at risk of developing health problems from exposure to BTEX compounds. Effective risk management strategies, such as proper ventilation, use of personal protective equipment, and substitution of harmful chemicals with safer alternatives, to minimize exposure and protect the health of salon workers and customers recommended.

Tocilizumab degradation via photo-catalytic ozonation process from aqueous

Following the advent of the coronavirus pandemic, tocilizumab has emerged as a potentially efficacious therapeutic intervention. The utilization of O3-Heterogeneous photocatalytic process (O3-HPCP) as a hybrid advanced oxidation technique has been employed for the degradation of pollutants. The present study employed a solvothermal technique for the synthesis of the BiOI-MOF composite. The utilization of FTIR, FESEM, EDAX, XRD, UV-vis, BET, TEM, and XPS analysis was employed to confirm the exceptional quality of the catalyst. the study employed an experimental design, subsequently followed by the analysis of collected data in order to forecast the most favorable conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of several factors, including reaction time (30-60 min), catalyst dose (0.25-0.5 mg/L), pH levels (4-8), ozone concentration (20-40 mMol/L), and tocilizumab concentration (10-20 mg/L), on the performance of O3-HPCP. The best model was discovered by evaluating the F-value and P-value coefficients, which were found to be 0.0001 and 347.93, respectively. In the given experimental conditions, which include a catalyst dose of 0.46 mg/L, a reaction time of 59 min, a pH of 7.0, and an ozone concentration of 32 mMol/L, the removal efficiencies were found to be 92% for tocilizumab, 79.8% for COD, and 59% for TOC. The obtained R2 value of 0.98 suggests a strong correlation between the observed data and the predicted values, indicating that the reaction rate followed first-order kinetics. The coefficient of synergy for the degradation of tocilizumab was shown to be 1.22. The catalyst exhibited satisfactory outcomes, but with a marginal reduction in efficacy of approximately 3%. The sulfate ion (SO42-) exhibited no influence on process efficiency, whereas the nitrate ion (NO3-) exerted the most significant impact among the anions. The progress of the process was impeded by organic scavengers, with methanol exhibiting the most pronounced influence and sodium azide exerting the least significant impact. The efficacy of pure BiOI and NH2-MIL125 (Ti) was diminished when employed in their pure form state. The energy consumption per unit of degradation, denoted as EEO, was determined to be 161.8 KWh/m3-order.

Photocatalytic-ozonation process in oxytetracycline degradation in aqueous solution: composite characterization, optimization, energy consumption, and by-products

In this research, we synthesized BiOI/NH₂-MIL125(Ti) via solvo-thermal method to investigation of oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation in photocatalytic-ozonation process. The results of the XRD, FESEM, EDAX, FTIR, UV-Vis, TEM, XPS, and BET analyzes indicated that the catalyst BiOI/MOF was synthesized with excellent quality. Design of experiment (DOE), ANOVA statistical analysis, interaction of parameters and predicated optimum condition was done based on CCD. The effect of catalyst dose (0.25-0.5 mg/l), pH (4-8), reaction time (30-60 min) and O₃ concentration (20-40 mN) at 10 mg/l of OTC on PCO/O₃ process was optimized. Based on P-value and F-value coefficients (0.0001, 450.3 respectively) the model of OTC (F-value = 2451.04) and (P-value = 0.0001) coefficients, the model of COD removal was quadratic model. Under optimum condition pH 8.0, CD = 0.34 mg/l, RT = 56 min and O₃ concentration = 28.7 mN, 96.2 and 77.2% of OTC and COD removed, respectively. The reduction of TOC was 64.2% in optimal conditions, which is less than the reduction of COD and OTC. The kinetics of reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetic (R² = 0.99). Synergistic effect coefficient was 1.31 that indicated ozonation, presence of catalyst and photolysis had a synergistic effect on OTC removal. The stability and reusability of the catalyst in six consecutive operating steps was acceptable and 7% efficiency decreased only. Cations (Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺), SO₄^2- had no influence on performing the process, but other anions, organic scavengers, and nitrogen gas, had an inhibitory effect. Finally, the OTC degradation probably pathway includes direct and indirect oxidation that decarboxylation, hydroxylation, demethylation and were the main mechanism in OTC degradation.

Investigation of photocatalytic-proxone process performance in the degradation of toluene and ethyl benzene from polluted air

In this study, toluene and ethylbenzene were degraded in the photocatalytic-proxone process using BiOI@NH₂-MIL125(Ti)/Zeolite nanocomposite. The simultaneous presence of ozone and hydrogen peroxide is known as the proxone process. Nanocomposite Synthesis was carried out using the solvothermal method. Inlet airflow, ozone concentrations, H₂O₂ concentrations, relative humidity, and initial pollutants concentrations were studied. The nanocomposite was successfully synthesized based on FT-IR, BET, XRD, FESEM, EDS element mapping, UV-Vis spectra and TEM analysis. A flow rate of 0.1 L min^-1, 0.3 mg min^-1 of ozone, 150 ppm of hydrogen peroxide, 45% relative humidity, and 50 ppmv of pollutants were found to be optimal operating conditions. Both pollutants were degraded in excess of 95% under these conditions. For toluene and ethylbenzene, the synergistic of mechanisms effect coefficients were 1.56 and 1.76, respectively. It remained above 95% efficiency 7 times in the hybrid process and had good stability. Photocatalytic-proxone processes were evaluated for stability over 180 min. The remaining ozone levels in the process was insignificant (0.01 mg min^-1). The CO₂ and CO production in the photocatalytic-proxone process were 58.4, 5.7 ppm for toluene and 53.7, and 5.5 ppm for ethylbenzene respectively. Oxygen gas promoted and nitrogen gas had an inhibitory effect on the effective removal of pollutants. During the pollutants oxidation, various organic intermediates were identified.