Pregnancy Loss Signal from Prostaglandin Eye Drop Use in Pregnancy: A Disproportionality Analysis Using Japanese and US Spontaneous Reporting Databases

A Bibliometric Analysis of Pregnancy-Related Eye Disease from 1999 to 2022

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review and bibliometric analysis investigated the keywords appearing most in the pregnancy-related eye disease field to elucidate the current state and trends of pregnancy-related eye disease research.

METHODS

A systematic literature analysis of pregnancy-related eye disease was performed using the Web of Science Core Collection (WOS) databases. We used the keywords "ocular" OR "eye*" and "pregnancy" OR "pregnant" OR "gestation" to search for articles published from 1999 to 2022. Study data were analyzed and visualized using VOSviewer and CiteSpace.

RESULTS

We analyzed 929 articles published from 1999 to 2022. From 1999 to 2012, the article number increased slowly, with a marked acceleration in publication frequency after 2013, original papers accounted for 780 (84%) of the total number of articles published. David A. Mackey was the most prolific writer, and Margaret A. Honein contributed the most citations. The American Journal of Ophthalmology, PLOS One, and the European Journal of Ophthalmology published the most articles. The American Journal of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology, British Journal of Ophthalmology, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science were the four most commonly cited journals. The University of Western Australia, the University of Sao Paulo, and the University of Melbourne were highly prolific institutions. Five co-cited references had a citation burst up to 2022, analyzed by CiteSpace. Keyword analysis (VOSviewer) yielded recent key themes (pregnancy, women, eye, risks and diagnosis) and suggested future research directions.

CONCLUSIONS

The current results laid the foundation of bibliometrics for scholars and identified researchers, scientific journals, countries, keyword clustering, hot topics, and trends in the literature. High-impact-factor journals contain the most keyword-clustering research and open new horizons for research in the pregnancy-related eye disease nursing field, providing research inspiration for investigators in this field.

The quantity, reliability, transparency, reporting, and interpretation of pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy: a meta-epidemiological study

PURPOSE

To systematically review the characteristics of the available pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy, and comprehensively assess the reliability, transparency, reporting, and interpretation of these studies.

METHODS

We searched five databases from inception to February 2024 to identify the available pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy. We extracted three aspects of information (basic information, data processing modes, signal detection analyses) to assess the reliability, transparency, and reporting of each study. Moreover, we adopted the criteria of Mouffak et al.'s study to assess the misinterpretation of signal detection results in these studies.

RESULTS

A total of 33 pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy were identified. Among them, there were great methodological heterogeneities in the data processing modes (restriction to the population, comparator, standardization of drug names and adverse event names, the assigned roles of drugs, counting unit, etc.) and signal detection analyses (signal detection method, sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, adjustment for confounding factors, etc.). Moreover, 13 (39%) studies had at least one type of inappropriate interpretation and/or extrapolation of signal detection results.

CONCLUSION

Our results reveals that the quantity of pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy is relatively limited. Furthermore, the reliability, transparency, reporting, and interpretation of the existing studies are less optimistic. The main issues existing in the available pharmacovigilance signal detection studies in pregnancy consist of two aspects: (1) great methodological heterogeneities exist in the data processing modes and signal detection analyses among different studies and (2) inappropriate interpretation and extrapolation of signal detection results are frequent.

Advancing Glaucoma Treatment During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Contemporary Management Strategies and Prospective Therapeutic Developments

The management of glaucoma in pregnancy and breastfeeding requires a careful evaluation of treatment choices to guarantee the well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus. This review explores the intricacies of controlling glaucoma in pregnant and breastfeeding women, including a comprehensive overview of existing glaucoma treatment methods, clinical guidelines, and future therapeutic approaches. The efficacy and safety profiles of traditional treatment approaches, such as topical and systemic medicines and surgical treatments, are evaluated specifically about their use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The significance of personalized treatment programs to achieve a balance between controlling intraocular pressure and ensuring the safety of the fetus and the newborn and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that includes ophthalmologists, obstetricians, and other healthcare experts are underlined. Non-pharmacological therapies, lifestyle adjustments, and the importance of patient education in the management of glaucoma during pregnancy and the post-partum period are also examined. Advancing our comprehension of and strategy toward glaucoma can reduce the effects of glaucoma on maternal, fetal, and newborn well-being.

A disproportionality analysis of low molecular weight heparin in the overall population and in pregnancy women using the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database

Background

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is extensively utilized as an anticoagulant for the prevention and management of various thrombotic conditions. However, despite the widespread use of LMWH in clinical indications, its adverse events (AEs) have not received substantial attention, and there is a lack of systematic and comprehensive AE studies. This study aims to evaluate AE signals associated with LMWH in the overall population and in pregnancy women from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database.

Methods

We used the Standardized MedDRA Query to identify pregnancy-related AE reports. Disproportionality analyses were employed to identify LMWH-related AE by calculating the reporting odds ratios (ROR), proportional reporting ratios (PRR), bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and the empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM).

Results

For the overall population, the significantly reported adverse signals in SOCs were pregnancy, puerperium, and perinatal conditions, vascular disorders, blood and lymphatic system disorders, and product issues. The five strongest AEs signal of LMWH-related were anti factor X antibody positive (n = 6, ROR 506.70, PRR 506.65, IC 8.31, EBGM 317.03), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia test positive (n = 19, ROR 263.10, PRR 263.02, IC 7.65, EBGM 200.79), anti factor X activity increased (n = 10, ROR 255.93, PRR 255.89, IC 7.62, EBGM 196.61), heparin-induced thrombocytopenia test (n = 14, ROR 231.85, PRR 231.80, IC 7.51, EBGM 182.09), and spontaneous heparin-induced thrombocytopenia syndrome (n = 3, ROR 230.31, PRR 230.30, IC 7.50, EBGM 181.16). For pregnancy women, the five strongest AEs signals of LMWH-related included sternal fracture (n = 3, ROR 243.44, PRR 243.35, IC 6.61, EBGM 97.94), syringe issue (n = 12, ROR 97.49, PRR 97.34, IC 5.94, EBGM 61.21), bleeding time prolonged (n = 3, ROR 97.38, PRR 97.34, IC 5.94, EBGM 61.21), spinal compression fracture (n = 10, ROR 90.24, PRR 90.13, IC 5.87, EBGM 58.30), and injection site haematoma (n = 19, ROR 79.23, PRR 79.04, IC 5.74, EBGM 53.47). Additionally, unexpected AEs associated with LMWH in pregnancy women were observed, including premature baby death, placental necrosis, abortion, antiphospholipid syndrome, systolic dysfunction, compartment syndrome, body height decreased, rubella antibody positive, and ultrasound doppler abnormal.

Conclusion

This study identified unexpected AE signals of LMWH-relate in pregnancy women. Our study could provide valuable evidence for the clinical practice of LMWH, especially for identifying AEs and ensuring safe usage in pregnancy women.

From Eye Care to Hair Growth: Bimatoprost

BACKGROUND

Bimatoprost has emerged as a significant medication in the field of medicine over the past several decades, with diverse applications in ophthalmology, dermatology, and beyond. Originally developed as an ocular hypotensive agent, it has proven highly effective in treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Its ability to reduce intraocular pressure has established it as a first-line treatment option, improving management and preventing vision loss. In dermatology, bimatoprost has shown promising results in the promotion of hair growth, particularly in the treatment of alopecia and hypotrichosis. Its mechanism of action, stimulating the hair cycle and prolonging the growth phase, has led to the development of bimatoprost-containing solutions for enhancing eyelash growth.

AIM

The aim of our review is to provide a brief description, overview, and studies in the current literature regarding the versatile clinical use of bimatoprost in recent years. This can help clinicians determine the most suitable individualized therapy to meet the needs of each patient.

METHODS

Our methods involve a comprehensive review of the latest advancements reported in the literature in bimatoprost formulations, which range from traditional eye drops to sustained-release implants. These innovations offer extended drug delivery, enhance patient compliance, and minimize side effects.

RESULTS

The vast literature published on PubMed has confirmed the clinical usefulness of bimatoprost in lowering intraocular pressure and in managing patients with glaucoma. Numerous studies have shown promising results in dermatology and esthetics in promoting hair growth, particularly in treating alopecia and hypotrichosis. Its mechanism of action involves stimulating the hair cycle and prolonging the growth phase, leading to the development of solutions that enhance eyelash growth. The global use of bimatoprost has expanded significantly, with applications growing beyond its initial indications. Ongoing research is exploring its potential in glaucoma surgery, neuroprotection, and cosmetic procedures.

CONCLUSIONS

Bimatoprost has shown immense potential for addressing a wide range of therapeutic needs through various formulations and advancements. Promising future perspectives include the exploration of novel delivery systems such as contact lenses and microneedles to further enhance drug efficacy and patient comfort. Ongoing research and future perspectives continue to shape its role in medicine, promising further advancements and improved patient outcomes.

Pregnancy outcomes in the medical management of glaucoma: An international multicenter descriptive survey

PURPOSE

To determine if glaucoma medications are associated with pregnancy and/or postnatal complications.

METHODS

Multicenter descriptive survey. Subjects were female patients 18-45 years who were previously pregnant with a diagnosis of glaucoma or ocular hypertension prior to pregnancy. Chart review queried diagnosis, glaucoma severity, and race. Survey questions were asked for each pregnancy and queried pregnancy age, medications used, and pregnancy outcomes/complications.

RESULTS

114 pregnancies of 56 patients (mean 2.0 pregnancies per patient) were included. Three pregnancies with therapeutic abortion were excluded from further analysis. Mean age during pregnancy was 29.1 ± 5.7 years. Of the 111 pregnancies, 20 (18.0%) used no medications and 91 (82.0%) used at least one medication. Medications were topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (n = 45), beta-blockers (n = 55), alpha-agonists (n = 56), and prostaglandin analogues (n = 28). Outcomes were: preterm contractions/labour (6.3%), miscarriage (4.5%), stillbirth (4.5%), induction of labour (11.9%), emergency/unplanned caesarean delivery (13.9%), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay (15.8%), congenital anomalies (8.1%), and low birth weight (10.9%). Fisher exact test assessed outcome associations with individual agents, use of any agent, and different number of agents. Alpha-agonist use was associated with NICU stay: 25.5% rate (p = 0.012) in alpha-agonist use. Most of the alpha-agonist use NICU stays occurred in pregnancies with third trimester use. All other associations were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The data from this survey suggest an overall favourable safety profile for topical glaucoma medications in pregnancy, but further investigation is needed. Caution should be employed regarding third trimester alpha-agonist use owing to association with NICU stay.

Potential safety signal of pregnancy loss with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor intraocular injection: A disproportionality analysis using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System

Objectives: Intraocular administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors may be associated with pregnancy loss. However, little is known about intraocular anti-VEGF therapy during pregnancy. Here, we conducted a pharmacovigilance study using a spontaneous reporting database to evaluate the relationship between intraocular VEGF inhibitors and pregnancy loss. Methods: We used the JAPIC AERS database which is composed of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) dataset preprocessed by the Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center (JAPIC) to investigate the VEGF inhibitors ranibizumab, aflibercept, and bevacizumab. Disproportionality analyses were conducted for VEGF inhibitors and pregnancy loss. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the reporting odds ratio (ROR) > 1 and a minimum of three reported cases of pregnancy loss were the detection criteria used in the current study. Results: In the FAERS, 19 pregnancy loss cases were reported for ranibizumab with an ROR of 4.44 (95% CI: 2.42-8.16), 6 for intraocular bevacizumab with an ROR of 32.25 (95% CI: 3.88-267.9), and 4 for intraocular aflibercept with an ROR of 5.37 (95% CI: 1.34-21.49). All these drugs met the detection criteria. Conclusion: Potential safety signals of pregnancy loss were obtained from intraocular administration of VEGF inhibitors during pregnancy. These signals should be validated using a causal design study.

Doxycycline use and adverse pregnancy or neonatal outcomes: A descriptive study using the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Doxycycline is recommended for use in rickettsial diseases. The available evidence regarding its safety for rickettsial infection in pregnancy is limited. Our study aimed to describe the adverse events of doxycycline when used during pregnancy for any indication, in terms of adverse maternal and/or neonatal outcomes, using the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).

METHODS

We used the OpenVigil software for extracting the safety reports from the United States submitted to the FAERS from 2004 to 2021. We manually reviewed reports of doxycycline use resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes or congenital anomalies to describe the patient and safety event characteristics.

RESULTS

From 2004 to 2021, 59 individual case safety reports containing preferred terms indicative of drug exposure during pregnancy or drug-induced adverse fetal outcomes were identified in the FAERS database. Following deduplication and manual review, 20 relevant adverse event reports were obtained. Doxycycline was the suspect medication in 13/20 (65%) reports. The common adverse event terms reported were premature delivery/baby in 6 reports, spontaneous abortion in 6, intrauterine death in 2, and various congenital anomalies in the rest. Fifty percent of the safety reports contained other medications which could have potentially caused the outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The number of reported events in the FAERS database of adverse pregnancy/neonatal outcomes following doxycycline use is small, similar to the numbers reported from large cohort or surveillance studies. Given the presence of concomitant medications that could have contributed to the outcome, there does not seem to be a strong signal of harm, although this needs to be confirmed by surveillance studies.

Association of Topical Prostaglandin Analogue Use With Risk of Spontaneous Abortion

Importance

Recent case reports suggest use of topical prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) might increase the risk of spontaneous abortions in pregnant people who take these drugs for intraocular pressure control. However, because these reports are derived mainly from voluntary adverse drug reaction databases, they might be prone to reporting bias.

Objective

To examine the risk of spontaneous abortions among pregnant people who take topical PGAs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The PharMetrics Plus database (IQVIA) for health claims in the United States from 2006 to 2020 was used as the data source. The percentage of spontaneous abortions was quantified among patients aged 15 to 45 years who were pregnant and took a topical PGA medication during this period compared with a random sample of people in the database not taking a PGA agent.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Diagnosis of a spontaneous abortion was ascertained through procedure codes or codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision.

Results

A total of 3881 people of reproductive age who were prescribed PGAs and 3881 control participants not taking PGAs were identified. Among the 3881 patients in the PGA cohort, 261 were pregnant and 26 had a spontaneous abortion code. Among the 26 individuals, 12 (4.6%) had a spontaneous abortion code within 90 days of the pregnancy code and had an overlapping prescription for a PGA. Among the 12 individuals, 5 (41.7%) were in the age category 40 to 45 years. In the control group, there were 801 pregnancies, 56 of which led to spontaneous abortions (7%), resulting in an increased risk of 2.4% (95% CI, -0.7% to 5.4%; P = .17).

Conclusion and Relevance

The results of this case-series study suggest no association between use of PGAs and risk of spontaneous abortions. Given the nature of this study design and potential for unmeasured confounding factors, these results could be explored further in future epidemiologic studies that can better control for potential confounding variables and more accurately ascertain spontaneous abortions through perinatal databases.