Geriatric care in European countries where geriatric medicine is still emerging

Geriatrics and artificial intelligence in Spain (Ger-IA project): talking to ChatGPT, a nationwide survey

PURPOSE

The purposes of the study was to describe the degree of agreement between geriatricians with the answers given by an AI tool (ChatGPT) in response to questions related to different areas in geriatrics, to study the differences between specialists and residents in geriatrics in terms of the degree of agreement with ChatGPT, and to analyse the mean scores obtained by areas of knowledge/domains.

METHODS

An observational study was conducted involving 126 doctors from 41 geriatric medicine departments in Spain. Ten questions about geriatric medicine were posed to ChatGPT, and doctors evaluated the AI's answers using a Likert scale. Sociodemographic variables were included. Questions were categorized into five knowledge domains, and means and standard deviations were calculated for each.

RESULTS

130 doctors answered the questionnaire. 126 doctors (69.8% women, mean age 41.4 [9.8]) were included in the final analysis. The mean score obtained by ChatGPT was 3.1/5 [0.67]. Specialists rated ChatGPT lower than residents (3.0/5 vs. 3.3/5 points, respectively, P < 0.05). By domains, ChatGPT ​​scored better (M: 3.96; SD: 0.71) in general/theoretical questions rather than in complex decisions/end-of-life situations (M: 2.50; SD: 0.76) and answers related to diagnosis/performing of complementary tests obtained the lowest ones (M: 2.48; SD: 0.77).

CONCLUSION

Scores presented big variability depending on the area of knowledge. Questions related to theoretical aspects of challenges/future in geriatrics obtained better scores. When it comes to complex decision-making, appropriateness of the therapeutic efforts or decisions about diagnostic tests, professionals indicated a poorer performance. AI is likely to be incorporated into some areas of medicine, but it would still present important limitations, mainly in complex medical decision-making.

Aging populations and perspectives of geriatric medicine in Japan

It is well known that Japan's population is aging, and the number of people older than 75 years is increasing significantly. Since older people, especially old individuals, are often multimorbid and cannot be always successfully treated and cared for by individual organ-specific treatment, it is essential to utilize knowledge of geriatrics when treating such older patients. Therefore, it is indisputable that education on geriatric medicine is extremely important in Japan, which is the country with the largest aging population. However, the number of universities in Japan that offer geriatrics courses is decreasing. This means that many medical students become doctors without learning the essential characteristics of medical care for older patients despite the need for prompt treatment of older patients in clinical practice in Japan, which is a major obstacle to the development of geriatric medicine in Japan. Here, we review the current status of geriatrics in Japan and overseas and consider the future of geriatrics education to provide holistic and cost-effective medical care for older patients and improve their quality of life and well-being.

Identifying the areas of low self-reported confidence of internal medicine residents in geriatrics: a descriptive study of findings from a structured geriatrics skills assessment survey

BACKGROUND

Currently, no standardized methods exist to assess the geriatric skills and training needs of internal medicine trainees to enable them to become confident in caring for older patients. This study aimed to describe the self-reported confidence and training requirements in core geriatric skills amongst internal medicine residents in Toronto, Ontario using a standardized assessment tool.

METHODS

This study used a novel self-rating instrument, known as the Geriatric Skills Assessment Tool (GSAT), among incoming and current internal medicine residents at the University of Toronto, to describe self-reported confidence in performing, teaching and interest in further training with regard to 15 core geriatric skills previously identified by the American Board of Internal Medicine.

RESULTS

190 (75.1%) out of 253 eligible incoming (Year 0) and current internal medicine residents (Years 1-3) completed the GSAT. Year 1-3 internal medicine residents who had completed a geriatric rotation reported being significantly more confident in performing 13/15 (P < 0.001 to P = 0.04) and in teaching 9/15 GSAT skills (P < 0.001 to P = 0.04). Overall, the residents surveyed identified their highest confidence in administering the Mini-Mental Status Examination and lowest confidence in assessing fall risk using a gait and balance tool, and in evaluating and managing chronic pain.

CONCLUSION

A structured needs assessment like the GSAT can be valuable in identifying the geriatric training needs of internal medicine trainees based on their reported levels of self-confidence. Residents in internal medicine could further benefit from completing a mandatory geriatric rotation early in their training, since this may improve their overall confidence in providing care for the mostly older patients they will work with during their residency and beyond.

Prioritizing geriatrics in medical education improves care for all

Within the United States, there is a deficit of Geriatricians providing care for older adults, and this deficit will only grow as the population continues to age, meaning all clinicians, particularly Internal Medicine (IM) and Family Medicine (FM) trained physicians, will provide the bulk of primary care for older adults. However, geriatric training requirements for clinicians fall short, and in the case of IM were reduced as of 2022). Serving as a call to action, this article provides insight on ways to enhance geriatric education for all graduate medical trainees, utilizing both conventional teaching and newer, non-traditional media, such as national online journal clubs, podcasts, and online teaching curricula, as well as expanding sites of training to include evidence-based models of care, such as the Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE). Providing geriatric education improves care for older adults and our future selves, ensuring trainees are prepared to care and advocate for this diverse and often vulnerable population.

How do geriatricians feel about managing older people living with HIV? A scoping review

Aim

To identify what evidence exists regarding how geriatricians feel about managing older people living with HIV.

Findings

Currently whilst geriatricians are willing to contribute to the care of older people living with HIV, they lack the experience and training to take a prominent role.

Message

Incorporating education about HIV care into geriatric medicine curricula and the formation of quality clinical practice guidelines is required to prepare geriatricians to help participate in the care of older people living with HIV.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41999-022-00642-4.

Purpose

The proportion of people living with HIV being older adults is increasing and due to high rates of multimorbidity and frailty within this group geriatricians are well placed to contribute to their care. However, little is known about how geriatricians feel about this new opportunity.

Methods

A scoping review was performed following the Arksey & O’Malley’s methodological framework with nine databases searched in December 2021 for studies reporting the experiences or views of geriatricians on caring for people living with HIV. Study inclusion was not limited by language or year of publication. Narrative reviews were excluded. Two reviewers independently performed the extraction using predetermined criteria. A descriptive analysis of extracted information was performed.

Results

Six publications reporting four studies, all conducted in the USA, were identified. The current barriers to geriatricians being involved in the care of older people living with HIV are: their current experience in managing people living with HIV, their knowledge of HIV, specific issues related to older people living with HIV and screening for HIV in older people as well as their attitudes to people living with HIV and experience of managing older LGBTQ + people.

Conclusion

Prior to geriatricians being routinely involved in the care of older people living with HIV further research outside of the USA is required. Geriatricians will also require specific training which should be incorporated into geriatric medicine training curricula as well as the creation of learning tools and quality clinical practice guidelines ideally created in collaboration with HIV organisations.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41999-022-00642-4.

The giants of education in geriatric medicine and gerontology

In 2014, the European undergraduate curriculum in Geriatric Medicine was published to cover the minimum requirements that a medical student should achieve by the end of medical school. In 2019, the European postgraduate curriculum in Geriatric Medicine outlined the minimum recommended training requirements to become a geriatrician at specialist level in the EU. The postgraduate dimension of Geriatric Medicine education is a highly relevant topic for all, since most physicians-independently of their specialty-are inevitably involved in the care of older patients, but for most physicians, geriatrics is not part of their postgraduate generalist or specialty training. A key area for postgraduate education remains the provision of Geriatric Medicine competencies to all specialties outside geriatrics. There is also need for wider educational initiatives to improve the gerontological education of patients and the public. Bernard Isaacs famously coined the expression 'geriatric giants' or the four clinical I's: Intellectual impairment, Incontinence, Immobility, and Instability. However, non-clinical giants exist. In education, we face challenges of Investment, Inspiration, Integration, and Interprofessionality; and in research, we need to attract Interest and Income, and generate Innovation and Impact. Without strengthening the links between all giants, we will not be able to achieve the ambition of age-attuned societies. A key goal for gerontological education is to enhance everyone's understanding of the wide diversity underlying the 'older people' demographic label, which will ultimately promote services and societies that are more responsive and inclusive to the needs of all older adults, irrespective of their health status.

The current situation in the approach to osteoporosis in older adults in Turkey: areas in need of improvement with a model for other populations

PURPOSE

The total number of older adults in Turkey is striking, amounting to around 8 million, and this translates into considerably higher numbers of cases of osteoporosis (OP) and fractures in older adults. In this article, we outlined the current situation of OP in older adults in Turkey and investigated the differences between Turkey and a representative developed European country (Belgium), in terms of the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of OP. Our intention in this regard was to identify areas in need of improvement and subsequently to make a clear call for action to address these issues.

METHODS

Herein, considering the steps related to the OP approach, we made a complete review of the studies conducted in Turkey and compared with the literature recommendations.

RESULTS

There is a need for a national osteoporotic fracture registry; measures should be taken to improve the screening and treatment of OP in older males, such as educational activities; technicians involved in dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning should undergo routine periodic training; all DXA centers should identify center-specific least significant change values; all older adults should be considered for routine lateral dorsolumbar X-ray imaging for the screening of vertebral fractures while ordering DXA scans; the inclusion of vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) software in DXA assessments should be considered; screening using a fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) algorithm that is specific to Turkey should be integrated; the fortification of foods with vitamin D is required; the high fracture risk by country-specific FRAX algorithm and the presence of falls/high fall risk should be integrated in reimbursement terms; and finally, more "fracture liaison services" should be established.

CONCLUSION

We suggest that the practical consideration of our suggestions will provide considerable support to the efforts for combating with the adverse consequences of OP in society. This approach can be subsequently modeled for other populations to improve the management of OP globally.

The Relevance and Added Value of Geriatric Medicine (GM): Introducing GM to Non-Geriatricians

Geriatric Medicine (GM) holds a crucial role in promoting health and managing the complex medical, cognitive, social, and psychological issues of older people. However, basic principles of GM, essential for optimizing the care of older people, are commonly unknown or undermined, especially in countries where GM is still under development. This narrative review aims at providing insights into the role of GM to non-geriatrician readers and summarizing the main aspects of the added value of a geriatric approach across the spectrum of healthcare. Health practitioners of all specialties are frequently encountered with clinical conditions, common in older patients (such as cancer, hypertension, delirium, major neurocognitive and mental health disorders, malnutrition, and peri-operative complications), which could be more appropriately managed under the light of the approach of GM. The role of allied health professionals with specialized knowledge and skills in dealing with older people's issues is essential, and a multidisciplinary team is required for the delivery of optimal care in response to the needs and aspirations of older people. Thus, countries should assure the educational background of all health care providers and the specialized health and social care services required to meet the demands of a rapidly aging society.