Fungal phytases: from genes to applications

Assessment of Recombinant β-Propeller Phytase of the Bacillus Species Expressed Intracellularly in Yarrowia lipolityca

Phytases of the PhyD class according to their pH optimum (7.0-7.8) and high thermal stability can claim to be used in the production of feed supplements. However, today they have no practical application in feed production because there are no suitable producers sufficient for its biotechnological production compared to the PhyA and PhyC class ones. Moreover, in most cases, the technologies with the enzymes produced in secretory form are preferable for the production of phytases, though upon microencapsulation in yeast-producing cells, the phytase thermal stability increases significantly compared to the extracellular form, which improves its compatibility with spray drying technology. In this study, we assayed the intracellular heterologous expression of PhyD phytase from Bacillus species in the Yarrowia lipolytica yeast cells. While the technology has been successfully used to synthesize PhyC phytase from Obesumbacterium proteus, PhyD phytase tends to aggregate upon intracellular accumulation. Furthermore, we evaluated the prospects for the production of encapsulated phytase of the PhyD class of high enzymatic activity when it accumulates in the cell cytoplasm of the Y. lipolytica extremophile yeast, a highly effective platform for the production of recombinant proteins.

Phosphorus dynamics and sustainable agriculture: The role of microbial solubilization and innovations in nutrient management

Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth, playing a crucial role in various metabolic processes. Despite its importance, phosphorus availability in soils is often restricted due to its tendency to form insoluble complexes, limiting plant uptake. The increasing demand for phosphorus in agriculture, combined with limited global reserves of phosphate rock, has created challenges for sustainable plant production. Additionally, the overuse of chemical phosphorus fertilizers has resulted in environmental degradation, such as eutrophication of water bodies. Increasing agronomic phosphorus (P) efficiency is crucial because of population growth and increased food demand. Hence, microorganisms involved in the P cycle are a promising biotechnological strategy that has gained global interest in recent decades. Microorganisms' solubilization of phosphate rock (PR) is an environmentally sustainable alternative to chemical processing for producing phosphate fertilizers. Phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs), including bacteria and fungi, and their enzymatic processes offer an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical inputs by converting insoluble phosphorus into forms readily available for plant uptake. Integrating PSMs into agricultural systems presents a promising strategy to reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, enhance soil health, and contribute to the transition toward more sustainable and resilient agricultural practices. It can be an alternative that reduces the loss of phosphorus in the environment, especially the eutrophication of aquatic systems. This paper explores the challenges of phosphorus availability in agriculture and the potential of microbial phosphorus solubilization as a sustainable alternative to conventional practices.

Glycosylation and charge distribution orchestrates the conformational ensembles of a biotechnologically promissory phytase in different pHs - a computational study

Phytases [myo-inositol(1,2,3,4,5,6) hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases] are phytate-specific phosphatases not present in monogastric animals. Nevertheless, they are an essential supplement to feeding such animals and for human special diets. It is crucial, hence, the biotechnological use of phytases with intrinsic stability and activity at the acid pHs from gastric environments. Here we use Metadynamics (METADY) simulations to probe the conformational space of the Aspergillus nidulans phytase and the differential effects of pH and glycosylation in this same space. The results suggest that strategic combinations of pH and glycosylation affect the stability of native-like conformations and alternate these structures from a metastable to a stable profile. Furthermore, the protein segments previously reported as more thermosensitive in phytases from this family present a pivotal role in the conformational changes at different conditions, especially H2, H5-7, L8, L10, L12, and L17. Also, the glycosylations and the pH-dependent charge balance modulate the mobility and interactions at these same regions, with consequences for the surface solvation and active site exposition. Finally, although the glycosylations have stabilized the native structure and improved the substrate docking at all the studied pHs, the data suggest a higher phytate receptivity at catalytic poses for the unglycosylated structure at pH 6.5 and the glycosylated one at pH 4.5. This behavior agrees with the exact change in optimum pH reported for this enzyme, expressed on low or high glycosylating systems. We hope the results and insights presented here will be helpful in future approaches for rational engineering of technologically promising phytases and intelligent planning of their heterologous expression systems and conditions for use.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Production of fungal phytases in solid state fermentation and potential biotechnological applications

Phytases are important enzymes used for eliminating the anti-nutritional properties of phytic acid in food and feed ingredients. Phytic acid is major form of organic phosphorus stored during seed setting. Monogastric animals cannot utilize this phytate-phosphorus due to lack of necessary enzymes. Therefore, phytic acid excretion is responsible for mineral deficiency and phosphorus pollution. Phytases have been reported from diverse microorganisms, however, fungal phytases are preferred due to their unique properties. Aspergillus species are the predominant producers of phytases and have been explored widely as compared to other fungi. Solid-state fermentation has been studied as an economical process for the production of phytases to utilize various agro-industrial residues. Mixed substrate fermentation has also been reported for the production of phytases. Physical and chemical parameters including pH, temperature, and concentrations of media components have significantly affected the production of phytases in solid state fermentation. Fungi produced high levels of phytases in solid state fermentation utilizing economical substrates. Optimization of culture conditions using different approaches has significantly improved the production of phytases. Fungal phytases are histidine acid phosphatases exhibiting broad substrate specificity, are relatively thermostable and protease-resistant. These phytases have been found effective in dephytinization of food and feed samples with concomitant liberation of minerals, sugars and soluble proteins. Additionally, they have improved the growth of plants by increasing the availability of phosphorus and other minerals. Furthermore, phytases from fungi have played an important roles in bread making, semi-synthesis of peroxidase, biofuel production, production of myo-inositol phosphates and management of environmental pollution. This review article describes the production of fungal phytases in solid state fermentation and their biotechnological applications.

Bioinformatics study of phytase from Aspergillus niger for use as feed additive in livestock feed

BACKGROUND

Phytase supplementation in rations can reduce their phytic acid composition in order to enhance their nutritional value. Aspergillus niger is a fungus that can encode phytase. This study aims to determine the characteristics of its DNA sequences and amino acid composition that encode the phytase enzyme, as well as to determine the primer designs.

METHOD

This study used gene sequence data and protein-encoding phytase from Aspergillus niger that was collected manually from NCBI and PDB. The data was analyzed using SPDBV and then be aligned using the ClustalW Multiple Alignment features. The phylogenetic tree was built by Mega11 software. Primers were designed from selected candidate sequences that were analyzed. The designed primers were then simulated for PCR using FastPCR and SnapGene software.

RESULTS

There are 18 Aspergillus niger phytases in NCBI which is 14.87% of the total Aspergillus. There are 14 Aspergillus niger phytases that have identity above 95%. Aspergillus niger 110. M94550.1 is the closest strain to the PDB template. Candidate sources of phytase genes are Aspergillus niger 110.M94550.1, 48.2.BCMY01000003.1, and 92.JQ654450.1. The primer design has 2 possibilities of self-annealing and high melting temperature on the reverse primer. PCR simulation shows that the primer design can attach completely but still has the possibility of mispriming.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests promising results for the future development of phytase enzyme production from Aspergillus niger as a feed additive using genetic engineering to enhance the quality of livestock feed in Indonesia.

Microbial Phytases: Properties and Applications in the Food Industry

Microbial phytases are enzymes that break down phytic acid, an anti-nutritional compound found in plant-based foods. These enzymes which are derived from bacteria and fungi have diverse properties and can function under different pH and temperature conditions. Their ability to convert phytic acid into inositol and inorganic phosphate makes them valuable in food processing. The application of microbial phytases in the food industry has several advantages. Firstly, adding them to animal feedstuff improves phosphorus availability, leading to improved nutrient utilization and growth in animals. This also reduces environmental pollution by phosphorus from animal waste. Secondly, microbial phytases enhance mineral bioavailability and nutrient assimilation in plant-based food products, counteracting the negative effects of phytic acid on human health. They can also improve the taste and functional properties of food and release bioactive compounds that have beneficial health effects. To effectively use microbial phytases in the food industry, factors like enzyme production, purification, and immobilization techniques are important. Genetic engineering and protein engineering have enabled the development of phytases with improved properties such as enhanced stability, substrate specificity, and resistance to degradation. This review provides an overview of the properties and function of phytases, the microbial strains that produce them, and their industrial applications, focusing on new approaches.

A Comprehensive Insight into Fungal Enzymes: Structure, Classification, and Their Role in Mankind's Challenges

Enzymes have played a crucial role in mankind's challenges to use different types of biological systems for a diversity of applications. They are proteins that break down and convert complicated compounds to produce simple products. Fungal enzymes are compatible, efficient, and proper products for many uses in medicinal requests, industrial processing, bioremediation purposes, and agricultural applications. Fungal enzymes have appropriate stability to give manufactured products suitable shelf life, affordable cost, and approved demands. Fungal enzymes have been used from ancient times to today in many industries, including baking, brewing, cheese making, antibiotics production, and commodities manufacturing, such as linen and leather. Furthermore, they also are used in other fields such as paper production, detergent, the textile industry, and in drinks and food technology in products manufacturing ranging from tea and coffee to fruit juice and wine. Recently, fungi have been used for the production of more than 50% of the needed enzymes. Fungi can produce different types of enzymes extracellularly, which gives a great chance for producing in large amounts with low cost and easy viability in purified forms using simple purification methods. In the present review, a comprehensive trial has been advanced to elaborate on the different types and structures of fungal enzymes as well as the current status of the uses of fungal enzymes in various applications.

Effects of Phytic Acid-Degrading Bacteria on Mineral Element Content in Mice

Trace minerals are extremely important for balanced nutrition, growth, and development in animals and humans. Phytic acid chelation promotes the use of probiotics in nutrition. The phytic acid-degrading strain Lactococcus lactis psm16 was obtained from swine milk by enrichment culture and direct plate methods. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the strain psm16 on mineral element content in a mouse model. Mice were divided into four groups: basal diet, 1% phytic acid, 1% phytic acid + psm16, 1% phytic acid + 500 U/kg commercial phytase. Concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and total short-chain fatty acids were significantly increased in the strain psm16 group compared to the phytic acid group. The concentrations of copper (p = 0.021) and zinc (p = 0.017) in liver, calcium (p = 0.000), manganese (p = 0.000), and zinc (p = 0.000) in plasma and manganese (p = 0.010) and zinc (p = 0.022) in kidney were significantly increased in psm16 group, while copper (p = 0.007) and magnesium (p = 0.001) were significantly reduced. In conclusion, the addition of phytic acid-degrading bacteria psm16 into a diet including phytic acid can affect the content of trace elements in the liver, kidney, and plasma of mice, counteracting the harmful effects of phytic acid.

Secretome Analysis of Arabidopsis-Trichoderma atroviride Interaction Unveils New Roles for the Plant Glutamate:Glyoxylate Aminotransferase GGAT1 in Plant Growth Induced by the Fungus and Resistance against Botrytis cinerea

The establishment of plant-fungus mutualistic interaction requires bidirectional molecular crosstalk. Therefore, the analysis of the interacting organisms secretomes would help to understand how such relationships are established. Here, a gel-free shotgun proteomics approach was used to identify the secreted proteins of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the mutualistic fungus Trichoderma atroviride during their interaction. A total of 126 proteins of Arabidopsis and 1027 of T. atroviride were identified. Among them, 118 and 780 were differentially modulated, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis unveiled that both organisms' secretomes were enriched with enzymes. In T. atroviride, glycosidases, aspartic endopeptidases, and dehydrogenases increased in response to Arabidopsis. Additionally, amidases, protein-serine/threonine kinases, and hydro-lyases showed decreased levels. Furthermore, peroxidases, cysteine endopeptidases, and enzymes related to the catabolism of secondary metabolites increased in the plant secretome. In contrast, pathogenesis-related proteins and protease inhibitors decreased in response to the fungus. Notably, the glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase GGAT1 was secreted by Arabidopsis during its interaction with T. atroviride. Our study showed that GGAT1 is partially required for plant growth stimulation and on the induction of the plant systemic resistance by T. atroviride. Additionally, GGAT1 seems to participate in the negative regulation of the plant systemic resistance against B. cinerea through a mechanism involving H2O2 production.