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Carneiro DG, Vidigal PMP, Morgan T, Vanetti MCD. Genome sequencing and analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis PT4 578: insights into pathogenicity and virulence. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000828.v3. [PMID: 39686970 PMCID: PMC11649194 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000828.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is a generalist serotype that adapts to different hosts and transmission niches. It has significant epidemiological relevance and is among the most prevalent serotypes distributed in several countries. Salmonella Enteritidis causes self-limited gastroenteritis in humans, which can progress to systemic infection in immunocompromised individuals. The Salmonella pathogenicity mechanism is multifactorial and complex, including the presence of virulence factors that are encoded by virulence genes. Poultry products are considered significant reservoirs of many Salmonella serotypes, and Salmonella Enteritidis infections are often related to the consumption of chicken meat and eggs. This study reports the whole-genome sequence of Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 strain 578. A total of 165 genes (3.66%) of the 4506 coding sequences (CDS) predicted in its genome are virulence factors associated with cell invasion, intestinal colonization, and intracellular survival. The genome harbours twelve Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), with the SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes encoding type III secretion systems (T3SS) showing high conservation. Six prophage-related sequences were found, with regions of intact prophages corresponding to Salmon_118970_sal3 and Gifsy-2. The genome also contains two CRISPR systems. Comparative genome analysis with Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 13311, and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 demonstrates that most unshared genes are related to metabolism, membrane, and hypothetical proteins. Finally, the phenotypic characterization evidenced differences among Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578 and the other three serotypes regarding the expression of the red, dry, and rough (rdar) morphotype and biofilm formation. Overall, the genomic characterization and phenotypic properties expand knowledge of the mechanisms of pathogenicity in Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 578.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deisy G. Carneiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Marcus P. Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Túlio Morgan
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina D. Vanetti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, Viçosa, 36570-900, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Fox E, Gosling R(B, Gil BM, Møretrø T, Stessl B, da Silva Felício MT, Messens W, Simon AC, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Persistence of microbiological hazards in food and feed production and processing environments. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8521. [PMID: 38250499 PMCID: PMC10797485 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (in the meat, fish and seafood, dairy and fruit and vegetable sectors), Salmonella enterica (in the feed, meat, egg and low moisture food sectors) and Cronobacter sakazakii (in the low moisture food sector) were identified as the bacterial food safety hazards most relevant to public health that are associated with persistence in the food and feed processing environment (FFPE). There is a wide range of subtypes of these hazards involved in persistence in the FFPE. While some specific subtypes are more commonly reported as persistent, it is currently not possible to identify universal markers (i.e. genetic determinants) for this trait. Common risk factors for persistence in the FFPE are inadequate zoning and hygiene barriers; lack of hygienic design of equipment and machines; and inadequate cleaning and disinfection. A well-designed environmental sampling and testing programme is the most effective strategy to identify contamination sources and detect potentially persistent hazards. The establishment of hygienic barriers and measures within the food safety management system, during implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points, is key to prevent and/or control bacterial persistence in the FFPE. Once persistence is suspected in a plant, a 'seek-and-destroy' approach is frequently recommended, including intensified monitoring, the introduction of control measures and the continuation of the intensified monitoring. Successful actions triggered by persistence of L. monocytogenes are described, as well as interventions with direct bactericidal activity. These interventions could be efficient if properly validated, correctly applied and verified under industrial conditions. Perspectives are provided for performing a risk assessment for relevant combinations of hazard and food sector to assess the relative public health risk that can be associated with persistence, based on bottom-up and top-down approaches. Knowledge gaps related to bacterial food safety hazards associated with persistence in the FFPE and priorities for future research are provided.
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Tofu Whey Wastewater as a Beneficial Supplement to Poultry Farming: Improving Production Performance and Protecting against Salmonella Infection. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010079. [PMID: 36613296 PMCID: PMC9818456 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tofu whey wastewater (TWW) is a by-product of the tofu production process, and contains high amounts of organic products and Lactobacillus ap. However, no studies have been reported on whether naturally fermented TWW can be used as a beneficial additive for poultry production. This study analyzed the main nutritional components and microbial flora of naturally fermented TWW from rural tofu processing plants and their effect on chick production performance, role in modulating the biochemical and immune parameters, and protection against Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) infection. It was observed that the average pH of TWW was 4.08; therefore, the total viable count was 3.00 × 109 CFU/mL and the abundance of Lactobacillus was 92.50%. Moreover, TWW supplementation increased the total weight gain and feed intake, reduced the feed/gain ratio, increased the length and relative weight of the gut, and reduced the colonization and excretion of S. enteritidis in chickens. Additionally, TWW decreased oxidative damage and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion caused by S. enteritidis infection. In addition, TWW supplementation ensured the structure of the intestine remained relatively intact in S. enteritidis-infected chicken. Furthermore, TWW markedly promoted the intestinal barrier integrity and up-regulated the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, counteracting the changes in gut microbiota caused by S. enteritidis infection in chicken. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that TWW could be used as a beneficial addition to poultry production, providing a research basis for the further development of TWW as a health care application in in food-producing animal.
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Moreira JPFF, do Monte DFM, Lima CDA, de Oliveira CJB, da Silva Martins NR, Berchieri Junior A, de Freitas Neto OC. Molecular genotyping reveals inter-regional relatedness among antimicrobial resistant Salmonella Minnesota strains isolated from poultry farm and humans, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:503-508. [PMID: 35061241 PMCID: PMC8882525 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic profiles of Salmonella Minnesota isolates were analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In total, 13 isolates obtained from the broiler industry collected in the states of Minas Gerais (11) and São Paulo (2), as well as five recovered from cases of foodborne infections in humans in the states of Minas Gerais (2), Santa Catarina (1), and Rio Grande do Sul (2), were submitted to PFGE. These 18 S. Minnesota isolates together with other 12 of poultry origin were also subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The PFGE analysis of 18 strains of S. Minnesota generated a dendrogram that grouped the isolates with 83-90% similarity into four main clusters. Among them, cluster "A" grouped the majority of isolates (13), including two of human origin that showed 90% similarity with a broiler isolate, both recovered in Minas Gerais. The S. Minnesota isolates showed resistance to tetracycline (80%), cefoxitin (80%), ceftazidime (46.7%), nalidixic acid (23.3%), ciprofloxacin (13.3%), and streptomycin (10%). No resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, meropenem, nitrofurantoin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was found. Moreover, 23.3% of the evaluated isolates presented multi-resistance profile, all from Minas Gerais. The results highlight the importance of further studies involving S. Minnesota, which is prevalent in the Brazilian broiler flocks and could provoke foodborne infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Fernandes Ferreira Moreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6667 - São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Daniel Farias Marinho do Monte
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, São Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila de Aguiar Lima
- Veterinary Science Graduate Program, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rodrigo da Silva Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6667 - São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Angelo Berchieri Junior
- Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, São Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6667 - São Luiz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP: 31270-010, Brazil.
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Khan AS, Georges K, Rahaman S, Abebe W, Adesiyun AA. Characterization of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Stages of the Processing Lines at Four Broiler Processing Plants in Trinidad and Tobago. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1048. [PMID: 34068037 PMCID: PMC8152471 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors for contamination of chicken with Salmonella at four operating broiler processing plants in Trinidad. Standard methods were used to isolate and characterize the Salmonella isolates. The overall prevalence of Salmonella at the four processing plants was 27.0% (107/396). The whole carcass enrichment (WCE) method yielded a statistically significantly (p = 0.0014) higher frequency of isolation (53.9%; 97/180) than the whole carcass rinse (35.0%; 63/180) and neck skin methods (42.2%; 38/90). S. enterica serotypes Enteritidis, Javiana, and Infantis were the predominant serotypes isolated accounting for 20.8%, 16.7% and 12.5%, respectively, of the serotyped isolates. Risk factors included the use of over 100 contract farmers (OR 4.4), pre-chiller (OR 2.3), addition of chlorine to chiller (OR 3.2), slaughtering sick broilers (OR 4.4), and flocks with >50% mortality. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 12.3% (14/114) of the isolates of Salmonella. Resistance was high to kanamycin (85.7%) and doxycycline (74.6%) but low to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (2.4%) and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (0.8%). The occurrence of resistant Salmonella in chickens processed at commercial broiler processing plants has implications for salmonellosis and therapeutic failure in consumers of improperly cooked contaminated chickens from these plants in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Sarah Khan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (A.S.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Karla Georges
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (A.S.K.); (K.G.)
| | - Saed Rahaman
- Veterinary Public Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Woubit Abebe
- Department of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee, 201 Frederick D Patterson Dr, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA;
| | - Abiodun Adewale Adesiyun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; (A.S.K.); (K.G.)
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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