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Can Karanlık C, Karanlık G, Özdemir S, Tollu G, Erdoğmuş A. Synthesis and characterization of novel BODIPYs and their antioxidant, antimicrobial, photodynamic antimicrobial, antibiofilm and DNA interaction activities. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:101-114. [PMID: 37317040 DOI: 10.1111/php.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we synthesized and characterized new BODIPY derivatives (1-4) having pyridine or thienyl-pyridine substituents at meso- position and 4-dibenzothienyl or benzo[b]thien-2-yl moieties at 2-,6- positions. We investigated fluorescence properties and the ability to form singlet oxygen. In addition, various biological activities of BODIPYs such as DPPH scavenging, DNA binding/cleavage ability, cell viability inhibition, antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and biofilm inhibition properties were performed. BODIPY derivatives BDPY-3 (3) and BDPY-4 (4) have high fluorescence quantum yields as 0.50 and 0.61 and 1 O2 quantum yields were calculated as 0.83 for BDPY-1 (1), 0.12 for BDPY-2 (2), 0.11 for BDPY-3 and 0.23 for BDPY-4. BODIPY derivatives BDPY-2, BDPY-3 and BDPY-4 displayed 92.54 ± 5.41%, 94.20 ± 5.50%, and 95.03 ± 5.54% antioxidant ability, respectively. BODIPY compounds showed excellent DNA chemical nuclease activity. BDPY-2, BDPY-3 and BDPY-4 also exhibited 100% APDT activity against E. coli at all tested concentrations. In addition to these, they demonstrated a highly effective biofilm inhibition activity against Staphyloccous aureus and Pseudomans aeruginosa. BDPY-4 showed the most effective antioxidant and DNA cleavage activity, while BDPY-3 exhibited the most effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gürkan Karanlık
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sadin Özdemir
- Food Processing Programme, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Tollu
- Department of Laboratory and Veterinary Health, Technical Science Vocational School, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ali Erdoğmuş
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Wang M, Gu K, Wan M, Gan L, Chen J, Zhao W, Shi H, Li J. Hydrogen peroxide enhanced photoinactivation of Candida albicans by a novel boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivative. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00408-2. [PMID: 37022583 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) has received increasing attention as a promising approach to combat Candida albicans infections. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of a new BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-boradiazaindacene) derivative and hydrogen peroxide on C. albicans. BDP-4L in combination with H2O2 demonstrated enhanced photokilling efficacy. In suspended cultures of C. albicans, the maximum decrease was 6.20 log and 2.56 log for PDI using BDP-4L (2.5 μM) with or without H2O2, respectively. For mature C. albicans biofilms, 20 μM BDP-4L plus H2O2 eradicated C. albicans, causing an over 6.7 log count reduction in biofilm-associated cells, while only a reduction of ~ 1 log count was observed when H2O2 was omitted. Scanning electron microscopy analysis and LIVE/DEAD assays suggested that PDI using BDP-4L plus H2O2 induced more damage to the cell membrane. Correspondingly, amplification of nucleic acids release was observed in biofilms treated with the combined PDI. Additionally, we also discovered that the addition of hydrogen peroxide potentiated the generation of 1O2 in PDI using the singlet oxygen sensor green probe. Collectively, BDP-4L combined with H2O2 presents a promising approach in the treatment of C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Kedan Gu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, No.150, Rd. Fucheng, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Miyang Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Jingtao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12, Rd. Wulumuqi, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Jiyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Santoro O, Malacarne MC, Sarcone F, Scapinello L, Pragliola S, Caruso E, Orlandi VT, Izzo L. Inherently Antimicrobial P(MMA- ran-DMAEMA) Copolymers Sensitive to Photodynamic Therapy: A Double Bactericidal Effect for Active Wound Dressing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054340. [PMID: 36901769 PMCID: PMC10001570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, two compounds belonging to the BODIPY family, and previously investigated for their photosensitizing properties, have been bound to the amino-pendant groups of three random copolymers, with different amounts of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in the backbone. The P(MMA-ran-DMAEMA) copolymers have inherently bactericidal activity, due to the amino groups of DMAEMA and to the quaternized nitrogens bounded to BODIPY. Systems consisting of filter paper discs coated with copolymers conjugated to BODIPY were tested on two model microorganisms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). On solid medium, irradiation with green light induced an antimicrobial effect, visible as a clear inhibition area around the coated disks. The system based on the copolymer with 43% DMAEMA and circa 0.70 wt/wt% of BODIPY was the most efficient in both bacterial species, and a selectivity for the Gram-positive model was observed, independently of the conjugated BODIPY. A residual antimicrobial activity was also observed after dark incubation, attributed to the inherently bactericidal properties of copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Santoro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Francesco Sarcone
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Luca Scapinello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Stefania Pragliola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 128, 85085 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Lorella Izzo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Orlandi VT, Martegani E, Trivellin N, Bolognese F, Caruso E. Photo-Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus by Diaryl-Porphyrins. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020228. [PMID: 36830139 PMCID: PMC9951968 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) has received great attention in recent years since it is an effective and promising modality for the treatment of human oral and skin infections with the advantage of bypassing pathogens' resistance to antimicrobials. Moreover, PACT applications demonstrated a certain activity in the inhibition and eradication of biofilms, overcoming the well-known tolerance of sessile communities to antimicrobial agents. In this study, 13 diaryl-porphyrins (mono-, di-cationic, and non-ionic) P1-P13 were investigated for their potential as photosensitizer anti-Staphylococcus aureus. The efficacy of the diaryl-porphyrins was evaluated through photo-inactivation tests. Crystal-violet staining combined with viable count techniques were aimed at assaying their anti-biofilm activity. Among the tested compounds, the neutral photosensitizer P4 was better than the cationic ones, irrespective of their corresponding binding rates. In particular, P4 was active in inhibiting the biofilm formation and in impairing the viability of the adherent and planktonic populations of a 24 h old biofilm. The inhibitory activity was also efficient against a methicillin resistant S. aureus strain. In conclusion, the diaryl-porphyrin family represents a reservoir of promising compounds for photodynamic applications against the pathogen S. aureus and in preventing the formation of biofilms that cause many infections to become chronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Eleonora Martegani
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Nicola Trivellin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Gradenigo 6A, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Ballestri M, Marras E, Caruso E, Bolognese F, Malacarne MC, Martella E, Tubertini M, Gariboldi MB, Varchi G. Free and Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate-Bounded BODIPYs: Photodynamic and Antimigratory Effects in 2D and 3D Cancer Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010092. [PMID: 36612089 PMCID: PMC9817850 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several limitations, including dark toxicity, reduced tumor tissue selectivity, low photostability and poor biocompatibility hamper the clinical use of Photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment. To overcome these limitations, new PSs have been synthetized, and often combined with drug delivery systems, to improve selectivity and reduce toxicity. In this context, BODIPYs (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) have recently emerged as promising and easy-to-handle scaffolds for the preparation of effective PDT antitumor agents. In this study, the anticancer photodynamic effect of newly prepared negatively charged polymethyl methacrylate (nPMMA)-bounded BODIPYs (3@nPMMA and 6@nPMMA) was evaluated on a panel of 2D- and 3D-cultured cancer cell lines and compared with free BODIPYs. In particular, the effect on cell viability was evaluated, along with their ability to accumulate into the cells, induce apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death, and inhibit cellular migration. Our results indicated that 3@nPMMA and 6@nPMMA reduce cancer cell viability in 3D models of HC116 and MCF7 cells more effectively than the corresponding free compounds. Importantly, we demonstrated that MDA-MB231 and SKOV3 cell migration ability was significantly impaired by the PDT treatment mediated by 3@nPMMA and 6@nPMMA nanoparticles, likely indicating the capability of this approach to reduce metastatic tumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ballestri
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marras
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bolognese
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Elisa Martella
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Tubertini
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marzia Bruna Gariboldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.G.); (G.V.); Tel.: +39-033-133-9418 (M.B.C.); +39-051-639-8283 (G.V.)
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.G.); (G.V.); Tel.: +39-033-133-9418 (M.B.C.); +39-051-639-8283 (G.V.)
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Ozketen A, Karaman O, Ozdemir A, Soysal I, Kizilenis C, Nteli Chatzioglou A, Cicek YA, Kolemen S, Gunbas G. Selenophene-Modified Boron Dipyrromethene-Based Photosensitizers Exhibit Photodynamic Inhibition on a Broad Range of Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33916-33925. [PMID: 36188264 PMCID: PMC9520714 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms are crucial for human survival in view of both mutualistic and pathogen interactions. The control of the balance could be achieved by use of the antibiotics. There is a continuous arms race that exists between the pathogen and the antibiotics. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria threatens health even for insignificant injuries. However, the discovery of new antibiotics is not a fast process, and the healthcare system will suffer if the evolution of MDR lingers in its current frequency. The cationic photosensitizers (PSs) provide a unique approach to develop novel, light-inducible antimicrobial drugs. Here, we examine the antimicrobial activity of innovative selenophene-modified boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based PSs on a variety of Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria. The candidates demonstrate a level of confidence in both light-dependent and independent inhibition of bacterial growth. Among them, selenophene conjugated PS candidates (BOD-Se and BOD-Se-I) are promising agents to induce photodynamic inhibition (PDI) on all experimented bacteria: E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, and P. aeruginosa. Further characterizations revealed that photocleavage ability on DNA molecules could be potentially advantageous over extracellular DNA possessing biofilm-forming bacteria such as B. cereus and P. aeruginosa. Microscopy analysis with fluorescent BOD-H confirmed the colocalization on GFP expressing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osman Karaman
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Alara Ozdemir
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Isil Soysal
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Caglayan Kizilenis
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Yagiz Anil Cicek
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department
of Chemistry, Koc University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Gorkem Gunbas
- Department
of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Biochemistry
Graduate Program, Middle East Technical
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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