Song CB, Park HB, Seong HG, López HF. Development of athermal epsilon-martensite in atomized Co-Cr-Mo-C implant alloy powders.
Acta Biomater 2006;
2:685-91. [PMID:
16843077 DOI:
10.1016/j.actbio.2006.04.003]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Co-Cr-Mo atomized powders containing 0.05 wt.% C were sintered at temperatures above 900 degrees C for 1h and then rapidly cooled to room temperature. As a result, various amounts of athermal epsilon-martensite were produced which increased with increasing sintering temperatures (from 30 vol.% at 950 degrees C to 70 vol.% at 1250 degrees C). Apparently, the development of epsilon-embryos was strongly promoted by increasing sintering temperatures due to the development of a high density of epsilon-nucleation site defects. In addition, athermal martensite readily formed in these powders, suggesting that its development was strongly favored by a significant reduction in the carbon supersaturation levels from 0.25 wt.% for most commercial alloys to 0.05 wt.% C. The amounts of epsilon-martensite were 3-4-fold those found in conventional alloys, suggesting that the powder structure provides increasing nucleation sites for athermal epsilon-martensite. Apparently free surfaces and grain development at powder contact surfaces combined with recrystallization and grain growth within powder particles lead to favorable dislocation configuration arrays for the development of epsilon-embryos.
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