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Odongo S, Delespaux V, Ngotho M, Bekkele SM, Magez S. Comparative evaluation of the nested ITS PCR against the 18S PCR-RFLP in a survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in Kwale County, Kenya. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:589-94. [PMID: 27423733 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716659100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the nested internal transcribed spacer (ITS) PCR and the 18S PCR-RFLP (restriction-fragment length polymorphism) pan-trypanosome assays in a cross-sectional survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in 358 cattle in Kwale County, Kenya. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis as determined by the nested ITS PCR was 19.6% (70/358) and by 18S PCR-RFLP was 16.8% (60/358). Of the pathogenic trypanosomes detected, the prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax was greater than that of Trypanosoma simiae The nested ITS PCR detected 83 parasite events, whereas the 18S PCR-RFLP detected 64; however, overall frequencies of infections and the parasite events detected did not differ between the assays (χ(2) = 0.8, df = 1, p > 0.05 and χ(2) = 2.5, df = 1, p > 0.05, respectively). The kappa statistic (0.8) showed good agreement between the tests. The nested ITS PCR and the 18S PCR-RFLP had comparable sensitivity, although the nested ITS PCR was better at detecting mixed infections (χ(2) = 5.4, df = 1, p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Odongo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Odongo)Interuniversity Programme Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Delespaux)Department of Animal Health and Production, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya (Ngotho)
| | - Vincent Delespaux
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Odongo)Interuniversity Programme Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Delespaux)Department of Animal Health and Production, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya (Ngotho)
| | - Maina Ngotho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Odongo)Interuniversity Programme Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Delespaux)Department of Animal Health and Production, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya (Ngotho)
| | - Serkalem Mindaye Bekkele
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Odongo)Interuniversity Programme Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Delespaux)Department of Animal Health and Production, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya (Ngotho)
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Brussels, Belgium (Odongo, Bekkele, Magez)Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Bio-security, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda (Odongo)Interuniversity Programme Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (Delespaux)Department of Animal Health and Production, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya (Ngotho)
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Mbaya AW, Aliyu MM, Ibrahim UI. The clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in captive and free-living wild animals: a review. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:793-809. [PMID: 19340600 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-009-9214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reports on the clinico-pathology and mechanisms of trypanosomosis in free-living and captive wild animals showed that clinical disease and outbreaks occur more commonly among captive than free-living wild animals. This is because the free-living wild animals co-exist with the disease until subjected to captivity. In exceptional cases however, draught, starvation and intercurrent diseases often compromised trypanotolerance leading to overt trypanosomosis in free-living wild animals. Meanwhile, in captivity, space restriction, reduced social interactions, change in social herd structure, reduced specie-to-specie specific behaviors, altered habitat and translocation were the major stressors that precipitated the disease. The cumulative effect of these factors produced severe physiological and somatic stress leading to diminished immune response due to increased blood cortisol output from adrenal cortex. The major symptoms manifested were pyrexia, innapetence, increased respiration, anaemia, cachexia and death. At necropsy, pulmonary oedema, splenomegally, hepatomegally, lympadenopathy and atrophy of body fats were the gross changes encountered. At the ultra-structural level, the tissues manifested degenerative changes, haemorghages, necrosis and mononuclear cellular infiltrations. The mechanisms of cellular and tissue injuries were primarily associated with physical and metabolic activities of the organisms. From the foregoing, it is evident that stress is the underlying mechanism that compromises trypanotolerance in wild animals leading to severe clinico-pathological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Mbaya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
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Mihok S, Olubayo RO, Darji N, Zweygarth E. The influence of host blood on infection rates in Glossina morsitans sspp. infected with Trypanosoma congolense, T. brucei and T. simiae. Parasitology 1993; 107 ( Pt 1):41-8. [PMID: 8355996 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000079385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense, T. brucei and T. simiae isolated from wild-caught Glossina pallidipes were fed to laboratory-reared G. morsitans centralis and G.m. morsitans to determine the effect of host blood at the time of the infective feed on infection rates. Bloodstream forms of trypanosomes were membrane-fed to flies either neat, or mixed with blood from cows, goats, pigs, buffalo, eland, waterbuck and oryx. The use of different bloods for the infective feed resulted in differences in infection rates that were repeatable for both tsetse subspecies and most parasite stocks. Goat, and to a lesser extent, pig blood facilitated infection, producing high infection rates at low parasitaemias. Blood from cows and the wildlife species produced low infection rates, with eland blood producing the lowest. Addition of D(+)-glucosamine (an inhibitor of tsetse midgut lectin) increased infection rates in most cases. These results indicate the presence of species-specific factors in blood that affect trypanosome survival in tsetse. In certain hosts, factors actually appear to promote infection. The nature of these factors and how they might interact with midgut lectins and proteases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mihok
- Tsetse Research Programme, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
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