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Falker-Gieske C, Tetens J. Blood transcriptome analysis in a buck-ewe hybrid points towards an nuclear factor-kappa B lymphoproliferative autoimmune disorder. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11964. [PMID: 37488170 PMCID: PMC10366220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammal hybridization is a speciation mechanism and an evolutionary driver. Goat-sheep, especially buck-ewe hybrids, are very rare with only one case reported in 2016, which is the subject of the work presented here. Blood transcriptome analysis revealed that the hybrid largely deviated from imprinting schemes previously described in sheep and other mammals. Furthermore, transcriptome regulation seems to differ from the parent transcriptomes, which is most likely a product of partially incompatible imprinting mechanisms from two closely related species. To gain a deeper understanding of hybridization in mammals we re-analyzed the RNA sequencing data of the buck-ewe hybrid and its parents. We found parent-of-origin-specific expression of genes that functionally clustered, which we explain with the Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility (DMI) model. According to the DMI model, proteins which interact have a high probability of being barrier loci and hence are prone to monoallelic expression. We discovered enrichment of genes uniquely expressed by the buck-ewe hybrid, which implicate that it suffered from an NF-κB lymphoproliferative autoimmune disorder. Similar findings were reported in the F1 generation of hybrid mice. We propose that hybridization of two related species may lead to an autoimmune phenotype, due to immunoglobulin incompatibilities and incomplete silencing of barrier loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Falker-Gieske
- Division of Functional Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jens Tetens
- Division of Functional Breeding, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research, Georg-August-University, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Brace RA, Cheung CY, Anderson DF. Regulation of amniotic fluid volume: insights derived from amniotic fluid volume function curves. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R777-R789. [PMID: 30024777 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00175.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the regulation of amniotic fluid volume (AFV) include that AFV is determined primarily by the rate of intramembranous absorption (IMA) of amniotic fluid across the amnion and into fetal blood. In turn, IMA rate is dependent on the concentrations of yet-to-be identified stimulator(s) and inhibitor(s) that are present in amniotic fluid. To put these concepts in perspective, this review 1) discusses the evolution of discoveries that form the current basis for understanding the regulation of AFV, 2) reviews the contribution of IMA to this regulation, and 3) interprets experimentally induced shifts in AFV function curves and amnioinfusion function curves in terms of the activity of the amniotic fluid stimulator and inhibitor of IMA. In the early 1980s, it was not known whether AFV was regulated. However, by the late 1980s, IMA was discovered to be a "missing link" in understanding the regulation of AFV. Over the next 25 years the concept of IMA evolved from being a passive process to being an active, unidirectional transport of amniotic fluid water and solutes by vesicles within the amnion. In the 2010s, it was demonstrated that a renally derived stimulator and a fetal membrane-derived inhibitor are present in amniotic fluid that regulate IMA rate and hence are the primary determinants of AFV. Furthermore, AFV function curves and amnioinfusion function curves provide new insights into the relative efficacy of the stimulator and inhibitor of IMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Brace
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Cecilia Y Cheung
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Debra F Anderson
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
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Wolf RB, Moise KJ, Brace RA. Antibody-Induced Anemia in Fetal Sheep: Model for Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760100800407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth J. Moise
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Perinatal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert A. Brace
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Perinatal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Scheve EJT, Brace RA. Amniotic Fluid Volume Responses to Intra-Amniotic Infusion of Lactate in Fetal Sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760000700203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther J. T. Scheve
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Perinatal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert A. Brace
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Division of Perinatal Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Brace RA, Anderson DF, Cheung CY. Regulation of amniotic fluid volume: mathematical model based on intramembranous transport mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1260-73. [PMID: 25186112 PMCID: PMC4233290 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00283.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimentation in late-gestation fetal sheep has suggested that regulation of amniotic fluid (AF) volume occurs primarily by modulating the rate of intramembranous transport of water and solutes across the amnion into underlying fetal blood vessels. In order to gain insight into intramembranous transport mechanisms, we developed a computer model that allows simulation of experimentally measured changes in AF volume and composition over time. The model included fetal urine excretion and lung liquid secretion as inflows into the amniotic compartment plus fetal swallowing and intramembranous absorption as outflows. By using experimental flows and solute concentrations for urine, lung liquid, and swallowed fluid in combination with the passive and active transport mechanisms of the intramembranous pathway, we simulated AF responses to basal conditions, intra-amniotic fluid infusions, fetal intravascular infusions, urine replacement, and tracheoesophageal occlusion. The experimental data are consistent with four intramembranous transport mechanisms acting in concert: 1) an active unidirectional bulk transport of AF with all dissolved solutes out of AF into fetal blood presumably by vesicles; 2) passive bidirectional diffusion of solutes, such as sodium and chloride, between fetal blood and AF; 3) passive bidirectional water movement between AF and fetal blood; and 4) unidirectional transport of lactate into the AF. Further, only unidirectional bulk transport is dynamically regulated. The simulations also identified areas for future study: 1) identifying intramembranous stimulators and inhibitors, 2) determining the semipermeability characteristics of the intramembranous pathway, and 3) characterizing the vesicles that are the primary mediators of intramembranous transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Brace
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Center for Developmental Health Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Debra F Anderson
- Center for Developmental Health Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cecilia Y Cheung
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Center for Developmental Health Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Brace RA, Cheung CY. Regulation of Amniotic Fluid Volume: Evolving Concepts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 814:49-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1031-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Alleaume C, Strugnell B, Spooner R, Schock A. Hydrops foetalis with pulmonary hypoplasia in Cheviot and Cheviot-Texel cross-lambs. Vet Rec 2012; 171:646. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Alleaume
- Pathology Unit; National Veterinary School of Alfort; 9 avenue du Général de Gaulle 94700 Maisons-Alfort France
| | - B. Strugnell
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) Surveillance Centre; Thirsk North Yorkshire UK
| | - R. Spooner
- Castle Veterinary Surgeons; Highway Cottage, Bowes Road, Barnard Castle Co. Durham UK
| | - A. Schock
- Pathology Unit; Specialist Scientific Support Department; AHVLA Lasswade; Bush Loan, Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ UK
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Amniotic fluid volume responses to esophageal ligation in fetal sheep: contribution of lung liquid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:313.e1-6. [PMID: 19114273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine the amniotic fluid volume (AFV) response to fetal esophageal ligation with and without fetal lung liquid entering the amniotic sac. STUDY DESIGN AFV was measured in 3 groups of late-gestation ovine fetuses: time controls, tracheoesophageal shunted, and esophageal ligated. RESULTS One day after surgery, AFV was similar in all groups, averaging 1064 +/- 66 mL. On postsurgical day 9, AFV was unchanged in control fetuses, increased to 3025 +/- 294 mL in fetuses with esophageal ligation and lung liquid shunted into the fetal stomach, and to 3437 +/- 430 mL in fetuses with esophageal ligation and no shunting. CONCLUSION AFV expanded gradually following esophageal ligation to the highest volume thus far reported in noninfused ovine fetuses. Lung liquid entry into the amniotic sac altered neither the time course nor the extent of the AFV increase following esophageal ligation.
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Everts RE, Chavatte-Palmer P, Razzak A, Hue I, Green CA, Oliveira R, Vignon X, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Tian XC, Yang X, Renard JP, Lewin HA. Aberrant gene expression patterns in placentomes are associated with phenotypically normal and abnormal cattle cloned by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Physiol Genomics 2008; 33:65-77. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00223.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription profiling of placentomes derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT, n = 20), in vitro fertilization (IVF, n = 9), and artificial insemination (AI, n = 9) at or near term development was performed to better understand why SCNT and IVF often result in placental defects, hydrops, and large offspring syndrome (LOS). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to distinguish the effects of SCNT, IVF, and AI on gene expression, taking into account the effects of parturition (term or preterm), sex of fetus, breed of dam, breed of fetus, and pathological finding in the offspring (hydrops, normal, or other abnormalities). Differential expression of 20 physiologically important genes was confirmed with quantitative PCR. The largest effect on placentome gene expression was attributable to whether placentas were collected at term or preterm (i.e., whether the collection was because of disease or to obtain stage-matched controls) followed by placentome source (AI, IVF, or SCNT). Gene expression in SCNT placentomes was dramatically different from AI ( n = 336 genes; 276 >2-fold) and from IVF ( n = 733 genes; 162 >2-fold) placentomes. Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG) showed that IVF has significant effects on genes associated with cellular metabolism. In contrast, DEG associated with SCNT are involved in multiple pathways, including cell cycle, cell death, and gene expression. Many DEG were shared between the gene lists for IVF and SCNT comparisons, suggesting that common pathways are affected by the embryo culture methods used for IVF and SCNT. However, the many unique gene functions and pathways affected by SCNT suggest that cloned fetuses may be starved and accumulating toxic wastes due to placental insufficiency caused by reprogramming errors. Many of these genes are candidates for hydrops and LOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Pascale Chavatte-Palmer
- UMR Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anthony Razzak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Isabelle Hue
- UMR Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cheryl A. Green
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Rosane Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Xavier Vignon
- UMR Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - X. Cindy Tian
- Center for Regenerative Biology/Department of Animal Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Xiangzhong Yang
- Center for Regenerative Biology/Department of Animal Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Jean-Paul Renard
- UMR Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Powell K, Rooke JA, McEvoy TG, Ashworth CJ, Robinson JJ, Wilmut I, Young LE, Sinclair KD. Zygote donor nitrogen metabolism and in vitro embryo culture perturbs in utero development and IGF2R expression in ovine fetal tissues. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1901-12. [PMID: 16777210 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tests were made of the effects of altering nitrogen metabolism in zygote donor ewes on fetal development and expression of the gene encoding the type II insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF2R) following the transfer of ovine embryos cultured from these zygotes, either in the absence or presence of serum. Zygotes, recovered from superovulated ewes (32 on a urea supplemented (30 g urea/kg) diet (high N) and 32 on a control diet (low N)) 36 h after intrauterine AI using semen from a single sire, were cultured for 5 days in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) media either with BSA and amino acids (SOF-) or with 10% (v/v) steer serum (SOF+). In total, 166 embryos, including 30 in vivo controls, were transferred singly at day 6 post-AI to synchronous recipients and the products of conception recovered at day 125 of gestation. Elevated plasma urea concentrations in zygote donors were associated with accelerated early embryo development, low pregnancy rates (16%) for embryos from the high N, SOF+ treatment, and significantly influenced fetal development and the expression of IGF2R in the fetal heart at day 125 of gestation. Importantly, the culture of sheep zygotes under serum-free conditions led to a high incidence of aberrant conceptus development and IGF2R expression. Consequently, maternal nitrogen metabolism prior to zygote recovery and in vitro culture can influence fetal development and the expression of an imprinted gene following embryo transfer, and these data support the notion that environmental effects on the follicle-enclosed oocyte may contribute to the etiology of the Large Offspring Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Powell
- Scottish Agricultural College, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9YA, UK
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Loi P, Clinton M, Vackova I, Fulka J, Feil R, Palmieri C, Della Salda L, Ptak G. Placental abnormalities associated with post-natal mortality in sheep somatic cell clones. Theriogenology 2006; 65:1110-21. [PMID: 16154189 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on cloning experiments designed to explore the causes of peri- and post-natal mortality of cloned lambs. A total of 93 blastocysts obtained by nuclear transfer of somatic cells (granulosa cells) were transferred into 41 recipient ewes, and pregnancies were monitored by ultrasound scanning. In vitro derived, fertilized embryos (IVF, n=123) were also transferred to assess oocyte competence, and naturally mated ewes (n=120) were analysed as well. Cloned embryos developed to the blastocyst stage and implanted at the same rate as IVF embryos. After day 30 of gestation, however, dramatic losses occurred, and only 12 out of 93 (13%) clones reached full-term development, compared to 51 out of 123 (41.6%) lambs born from the IVF control embryos. Three full-term lamb clones were delivered stillborn, as a result of placental degeneration. A further five clone recipients developed hydroallantois. Their lambs died within 24h following delivery by caesarian section, and displayed degenerative lesions in liver and kidney resulting from the severe hydroallantois. One set of twins was delivered by assisted parturition at day 150, but died 24h later due to respiratory distress syndrome. The remaining two clone recipients underwent caesarian section, and the corresponding two lambs displayed signs of respiratory dysfunction and died at approximately 1 month of age due to a bacterial complication. Blood samples collected from the cloned lambs after birth revealed a wide range of abnormalities indicative of kidney and liver dysfunction. Macroscopical and histopathological examination of the placentae revealed a marked reduction in vascularization, particularly at the apex of the villous processes, as well as a loss of differentiation of the trophoblastic epithelium. Our results strongly suggest that post-mortality in cloned lambs is mainly caused by placental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualino Loi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, Teramo University, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Li N, Wells DN, Peterson AJ, Lee RSF. Perturbations in the biochemical composition of fetal fluids are apparent in surviving bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancies in the first half of gestation. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:139-48. [PMID: 15788757 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.038018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic and allantoic fluid volumes and composition change dynamically throughout gestation. Cattle that are pregnant with somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) fetuses show a high incidence of abnormal fluid accumulation (particularly hydrallantois) and fetal mortality from approximately midgestation. To investigate fetal fluid homeostasis in these pregnancies, Na, K, Cl, urea, creatinine, Ca, Mg, total PO(4), glucose, fructose, lactate, total protein, and osmolalities were measured in amniotic and allantoic fluids collected at Days 50, 100, and 150 of gestation from NT pregnancies and those generated by the transfer of in vitro-produced embryos or by artificial insemination. Deviations in fetal fluid composition between NT and control pregnancies were apparent after placental and fetal organ development, even when no gross morphological abnormalities were observed. Individual NT fetuses were affected to varying degrees. Elevated allantoic Na was associated with lower K and increased allantoic fluid volume or edema of the fetal membranes. Total PO(4) levels in NT allantoic and amniotic fluid were elevated at Days 100 and 150. This was not accompanied by hypophosphatemia at Day 150, suggesting that PO(4) acquisition by NT fetuses was adequate but that its readsorption by the kidneys may be impaired. Excessive NT placental weight was associated with low allantoic glucose and fructose as well as high lactate levels. However, the fructogenic ability of the NT placenta appeared to be normal. The osmolality of the fetal fluids was maintained within a narrow range, suggesting that the regulation of fluid composition, but not osmolality, was impaired in NT pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Reproductive Technologies Group, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Brace RA, Vermin ML, Huijssoon E. Regulation of amniotic fluid volume: intramembranous solute and volume fluxes in late gestation fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191:837-46. [PMID: 15467551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies suggest that amniotic fluid volume is regulated by the rate of intramembranous absorption of amniotic fluid into fetal blood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the simultaneous intramembranous solute and water fluxes to gain insight into the intramembranous transport and amniotic fluid volume regulatory mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN All major amniotic inflows and outflows, except intramembranous flow, were eliminated in 10 fetal sheep over 8 hours by occlusion of the fetal trachea and esophagus; the fetal urine was drained to the exterior. Amniotic fluid composition and volume were measured before and at the end of the 8 hours. Solute and volume fluxes through the intramembranous pathway were calculated from amniotic fluid concentration and volume changes. Statistical analyses included t-tests, linear regression, and analyses of variance. RESULTS Amniotic fluid volume decreased by 128 +/- 24 (SE) mL over 8 hours (P < .001), which was correlated only marginally with the fetal to amniotic fluid osmotic gradient (r=0.59; P = .072). Amniotic fluid sodium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate concentrations increased (P < .0001), even though there were net outward fluxes of these solutes; these outward fluxes occurred against concentration gradients; and the clearances of these solutes were the same despite widely differing amniotic fluid concentrations and fetal blood to amniotic fluid concentration gradients. With the use of multivariate regression, intramembranous solute fluxes separated into 2 components, which were a primary outward flux that correlated with the volume flux and a minor inward component that correlated with the fetal plasma to amniotic fluid concentration gradient for sodium, chloride, calcium (P < .001), and bicarbonate (P < .02). The concentration-dependent fluxes averaged approximately one third of the bulk fluxes and were in the opposite direction. CONCLUSION The poor correlation of amniotic fluid volume reduction with the fetal-to-amniotic fluid osmotic gradient shows that the primary mechanism that mediates intramembranous volume flow is not passive osmosis in the normal fetus under basal conditions. The strong correlations of solute fluxes simultaneously with volume flux and concentration gradients suggest that intramembranous solute fluxes are mediated by both bulk flow and passive diffusion. The small size of the passive component relative to the size of the bulk component suggests that intramembranous solute transfer is mediated primarily by bulk flow with a smaller and usually oppositely directed contribution by diffusion down concentration gradients. Bulk flow by vesicular transport is the only known physiologic transport mechanism that is compatible with these data, but it is not known whether this occurs in the amnion or intramembranous blood vessels or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Brace
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif 92093-0802, USA.
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken RP. Maternal Growth Hormone Treatment from Day 35 to 80 of Gestation Alters Nutrient Partitioning in Favor of Uteroplacental Growth in the Overnourished Adolescent Sheep1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1277-85. [PMID: 14695907 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.023853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnourishing the pregnant adolescent ewe promotes maternal tissue synthesis at the expense of placental growth and leads to a major reduction in lamb birth weight at term. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is attenuated in these overnourished dams and the maternal somatotrophic axis may play a key role in coordinating nutrient usage in the pregnant adolescent. Thus we investigated whether increasing maternal GH during the period of rapid placental proliferation alters nutrient partitioning between the maternal, placental, and fetal tissues as assessed at Day 81 of gestation. Adolescent recipient ewes were implanted with singleton embryos, derived from superovulated dams and a single sire on Day 4 postestrus. Thereafter, the ewes were offered either a high (H) or moderate intake (M) of the same complete diet. From Day 35 to 80 of gestation, ewes were either injected twice daily (s.c. at 0800 and 1800 h) with recombinant bovine GH (bGH, 0.14 mg/kg live weight/day) or remained untreated (n = 8 ewes per group). Maternal concentrations of GH, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), glucose, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were higher, and leptin secretion lower, in bGH-treated dams from both nutritional groups. Maternal body weight gain was higher in H versus M groups and was independent of bGH treatment. Treatment with bGH reduced relative perirenal and carcass fat deposition and increased carcass protein content in both H and M dams. Uteroplacental mass (uterus + placentomes + fetal membranes) averaged 1099, 1069, 1112, and 1754 g in M, H, M+GH, and H+GH groups. This significant increase in uteroplacental development in the H+GH group was associated with higher fetal kidney and liver weights and elevated fetal insulin, glucose, and lactate concentrations. Treatment with bGH also induced polyhydramnios in the H group. The transplacental glucose gradient was increased twofold in the H+GH group but placental GLUT- 1 and GLUT-3 expression was unaffected. In conclusion, administration of GH during the period of rapid placental proliferation alters endocrine status and thus nutrient partitioning in the overnourished adolescent dam in favor of uteroplacental and fetal growth. It remains to be established whether these effects are due wholly to alterations in maternal metabolism or if they also reflect an effect of bGH and/or the IGF system at the level of the uteroplacenta.
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De Sousa PA, King T, Harkness L, Young LE, Walker SK, Wilmut I. Evaluation of gestational deficiencies in cloned sheep fetuses and placentae. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:23-30. [PMID: 11420219 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep fetal development at 35 days of gestation was examined following natural mating, in vitro production (IVP) of fertilized embryos, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT). Five crossbred (Blackface x Black Welsh) and four purebred (Black Welsh) fetuses and their associated placentae produced by natural mating were morphologically normal and consistent with each other. From 10 ewes receiving 21 IVP embryos, 17 fetuses (81%) were recovered, and 15 of these (88%) were normal. The NT fetuses were derived from two Black Welsh fetal fibroblast cell lines (BLW1 and 6). Transfer of 21 BLW1 and 22 BLW6 NT embryos into 12 and 11 ewes, respectively, yielded 7 (33%) and 8 (36%) fetuses, respectively. Only three (43%) BLW1 and two (25%) BLW6 NT fetuses were normal, with the rest being developmentally retarded. The NT fetal and placental deficiencies included liver enlargement, dermal hemorrhaging, and lack of placental vascular development reflected by reduced or absent cotyledonary structures. Fibroblasts isolated from normal and abnormal cloned fetuses did not differ in their karyotype from sexually conceived fetuses or nuclear donor cell lines. Our results demonstrate that within the first quarter of gestation, cloned fetuses are characterized by a high incidence of developmental retardation and placental insufficiency. These deficiencies are not linked to gross defects in chromosome number.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A De Sousa
- Division of Gene Expression and Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin EH25 9PS, United Kingdom.
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Matsumoto LC, Cheung CY, Brace RA. Increased urinary flow without development of polyhydramnios in response to prolonged hypoxia in the ovine fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:1008-14. [PMID: 11303213 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the ovine fetus subjected to 24 hours of hypoxia, urinary flow is normal within a few hours from the onset of hypoxia and there is a maintained inhibition of swallowing. We hypothesized that 4 days of fetal hypoxia would lead to polyhydramnios. STUDY DESIGN Five late-gestation fetal sheep were subjected to hypoxia for 4 days and 7 other late-gestation fetal sheep served as time control animals. Fetal hypoxia was produced on postsurgical days 5 through 9 by continuous intratracheal nitrogen insufflation to the ewe. On days 3, 5, 7, and 9 after surgery, amniotic fluid volume, fetal urinary flow rate, and the compositions of maternal and fetal blood, amniotic fluid, and fetal urine were measured. A 3-factor analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS During the period of experimental hypoxia the mean (+/-SE) fetal PaO(2) was 16.0 +/- 0.6 mm Hg, versus 21.2 +/- 0.7 mm Hg in control sheep (P <.001). Fetal hypoxia was associated with increased urinary flow on days 7 and 9, averaging 1410 +/- 310 and 2101 +/- 345 mL/d, respectively, versus 585 +/- 92 and 699 +/- 78 mL/d, respectively, in control animals (P <.001). Amniotic fluid volume was unchanged with time and averaged 960 +/- 159 mL in hypoxic fetuses on postsurgical days 7 through 9 and 851 +/- 130 mL in control animals (P =.60). Fetal blood lactate increased in the hypoxic animals, averaging 3.4 +/- 2.1 mmol/L versus 1.6 +/- 0.3 mmol/L in control animals (P =.02). Fetal urinary excretions of sodium, potassium, chloride, and lactate increased significantly during hypoxia, by 170% to 400%. CONCLUSION Four days of nitrogen-induced hypoxia in the ovine fetus resulted in excess fetal urinary flow approximating 1000 mL/d greater than normal without the development of polyhydramnios. Because amniotic fluid volume did not change and hypoxia is a known inhibitor of fetal swallowing, we speculate that intramembranous absorption of amniotic water, electrolytes, and lactate increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Matsumoto
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California at San Diego. La Jolla 92093-0802, USA
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17
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Sohl BD, Brace RA. Relationship between graded degrees of anemia and amniotic fluid volume in the ovine fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181:1552-9. [PMID: 10601942 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe fetal anemia is associated with polyhydramnios in both human and ovine fetuses. This study examined the relationship between varying degrees of anemia and amniotic fluid volume in fetal sheep. STUDY DESIGN Eleven long-term catheterized ovine fetuses at 126 +/- 1 days' gestation (mean +/- SE) were subjected to hemorrhage of 20 to 80 mL daily for 9 consecutive days to produce varying degrees of fetal anemia. Five additional animals served as time control animals. Statistical analysis was by least squares regression and 3-factor analysis of variance. RESULTS Amniotic fluid volume was 793 +/- 147 mL and did not change with time in the control fetuses. In the fetuses that were subjected to hemorrhage the amniotic fluid volume changed little through the hematocrit range of 40% to 25%. As fetal hematocrit fell below approximately 25%, amniotic fluid volume began to increase. With greater degrees of anemia the amniotic fluid volume increased as an exponential function of hematocrit and approached 2000 mL excess fluid as hematocrit dropped to <15%. According to bivariate regression the increase in amniotic fluid volume was related to fetal hematocrit, PaO(2), and urinary flow rate as well as to plasma and amniotic fluid lactate concentrations. According to multivariate regression only fetal PO(2) and urinary flow rate were significantly related to the increase in amniotic fluid volume. CONCLUSIONS Although mild anemia was not associated with increased amniotic fluid volume, moderate to severe fetal anemia was associated with an exponential rise in amniotic fluid volume. This rise may have been mediated by a hypoxemia-induced diuresis, by a diuresis related to a lactate-induced osmotic accumulation of fetal fluid, or by both mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Sohl
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0802, USA
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Abstract
Hydrops fetalis is a morbid condition caused by a wide variety of fetal, placental, and maternal diseases. Mortality is high and depends on the gestational age at the time of occurrence and underlying etiology. Although the condition was described more than 300 years ago, recent advances in obstetric ultrasound, prenatal diagnostics have made it possible to differentiate various etiologies involved. It is also possible to treat some of these fetuses prenatally. In utero medical and surgical therapy is presently done in some centers. However, the majority of cases diagnosed remain untreatable. Early diagnosis of untreatable cases allows parents to make informed choices about subsequent management. Recent advances are covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Forouzan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
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Cock ML, Wlodek ME, Hooper SB, McCrabb GJ, Harding R. The effects of twenty-four hours of reduced uterine blood flow on fetal fluid balance in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170:1442-51. [PMID: 8178887 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(94)70177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the effects of a sustained reduction in uteroplacental perfusion, leading to fetal hypoxia, on determinants of amniotic fluid volume in sheep. STUDY DESIGN Surgery was performed on five pregnant ewes 110 to 116 days after mating. At 127.3 +/- 2.2 days uterine blood flow was reduced for 24 hours, which reduced fetal SaO2 from 61.9% +/- 1.2% to 24.9% +/- 0.8%. RESULTS Fetal urine production was increased from a control value of 193.0 +/- 24.0 ml/kg per 24 hours to 279.3 +/- 30.0 ml/kg per 24 hours during periods of reduced uterine blood flow and remained above control values for up to 48 hours after the reduced uterine blood flow period. A substantial loss of fetal water and electrolytes occurred through urine, which was associated with changes in the composition of fetal plasma and fetal tracheal, fetal swallowed, and amniotic fluids. Fetal swallowing was reduced throughout the reduced uterine blood flow period from a control value of 200.8 +/- 56.0 ml/kg per 24 hours to 32.7 +/- 8.4 ml/kg per 24 hours and returned to control levels after the cessation of the reduced uterine blood flow. CONCLUSION We conclude that 24 hours of reduced uterine blood flow causes major changes in fetal renal function and fetal swallowing that, in spite of an expected reduction in lung liquid production, would increase the flow of fluid and electrolytes from the fetus into the amniotic sac.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cock
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Cock ML, Wlodek ME, Hooper SB, McCrabb GJ, Harding R. The effects of twenty-four hours of reduced uterine blood flow on fetal fluid balance in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(13)90486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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