Contractile proteins in human fetoplacental vessels

[Regulation of fetal placental circulation]

The development and the reactivity of fetoplacental circulation appear to be extremely well coordinated phenomena which follow a precise chronology and are regulated by numerous angiogenic and vasoactive factors. The endothelium of the villous vessels, due to its capacity to release vasodilatating substances, would appear to play a crucial role in the gradual decrease in the vascular resistance of the placenta, thereby enabling it to meet the growing needs of the fetus right up until the end of pregnancy. In the endothelium, as in the smooth muscle of the placental vessels, control of production and mechanisms of action of the signal modulators of placental tone--endothelin 1, nitric oxide, prostanoids, etc.--as well as their dependence on oxygen, are far from being entirely elucidated. The study of their interactions could contribute to better evaluating the relative importance of each of them in the particular balances which are established at different stages of normal pregnancy, as well as during pathological situations (pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation, etc.) when placental blood flow and fetal development are at risk of being compromised.

Evidence for progesterone receptors in the human fetoplacental vascular tree

The presence of progesterone receptors (PR) throughout the human term fetoplacental vascular tree was investigated. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we showed expression of PR mRNAs in stem villi vessels, chorionic arteries and veins, and umbilical arteries and veins. Binding studies and Scatchard analysis revealed a single class of high-affinity binding sites for (3)H-R5020 (promegestone) in cytosolic extracts of all placental vessels, with K(d) values in the range of 2.5-4 nM. High levels of PR were detected in placental vessels compared to other vascular tissues. Thus, maximum binding capacities of stem villi vessels, chorionic arteries and veins, and umbilical arteries and veins were 247 +/- 25, 377 +/- 58, 295 +/- 40, 371 +/- 118, and 672 +/- 144 fmol/mg protein, respectively. Endothelial cell elimination in chorionic arteries did not significantly modify the number of PR. RT-PCR and binding studies also assessed PR expression in cultured placental vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from stem villi vessels. All these data suggested that most of the PR of fetoplacental vessels were from the media. In conclusion, we report here the first evidence of the presence of PR in the muscular layer of human term fetoplacental vessels. This finding, together with the high progesterone concentrations in cord blood, suggests that the interactions between the PR and its ligand may play a role in the physiology and physiopathology of human fetoplacental vascularization.

Regulation of protein kinase C in the muscular layer of human placental stem villi vessels

Protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the muscular layer of stem villi vessels from the human term placenta was studied. Resting state PKC activity was distributed evenly between the cytosol and the particulate fractions. Upon stimulation by three different activators, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, fluoride and endothelin-1, a translocation of PKC activity from the cytosolic to the particulate fraction was observed. The expression and distribution of PKC isoforms were then examined by Western blot analysis using specific antibodies to PKC isoforms. At least four PKC isoforms, PKCalpha, PKCbeta1, PKCbeta2, PKCzeta, and trace amounts of PKCepsilon were detected in both fractions. Their relative responses to the different agonists were examined by quantifying their subcellular redistribution. No significant differential activation of the four mainly expressed PKC isoforms were observed in response to stimulation with any of the stimuli. Moreover, our results show that endothelin-1 induced translocation/activation of PKC in this vascular smooth muscle.