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Mu B, Wu Q, Xu L, Yang Y. A sustainable approach to synchronous improvement of wet-stability and toughness of chitosan films. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Liu Z, Wang R, Liu J, Sun R, Wang F. Global Quantification of Intact Proteins via Chemical Isotope Labeling and Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2185-2194. [PMID: 30990045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although thousands of intact proteins have been feasibly identified in recent years, global quantification of intact proteins is still challenging. Herein, we develop a high-throughput strategy for global intact protein quantification based on chemical isotope labeling. The isotope incorporation efficiency is as high as 99.2% for complex intact protein samples extracted from HeLa cells. Further, the pTop 2.0 software is developed for automated quantification of intact proteoforms in a high-throughput manner. The high quantification accuracy and reproducibility of this strategy have been demonstrated for both standard and complex cellular protein samples. A total of 2283 intact proteoforms originated from 660 protein accessions are successfully quantified under anaerobic and aerobic conditions and the differentially expressed proteins are observed to be involved in the important biological processes such as stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Institute of Computing Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , 116044 , China
| | - Ruixiang Sun
- Institute of Computing Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China
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Martín-Sómer A, Lamsabhi AM, Yáñez M, Dávalos JZ, González J, Ramos R, Guillemin JC. Can an Amine Be a Stronger Acid than a Carboxylic Acid? The Surprisingly High Acidity of Amine-Borane Complexes. Chemistry 2012; 18:15699-705. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wong OY, Mulcrone AE, Silverman SK. DNA-catalyzed reductive amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:11679-84. [PMID: 21994131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- On Yi Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Ji C, Sadagopan N, Zhang Y, Lepsy C. A universal strategy for development of a method for absolute quantification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in biological matrices using differential dimethyl labeling coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9321-8. [PMID: 19842637 DOI: 10.1021/ac901800f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the strategic use of enzymatic digestion combined with isotope dilution mass spectrometry has been increasingly developed and used for the absolute quantification of therapeutic and endogenous proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry over the past several years, the lack of an appropriate internal standard has become the rate-limiting step in the development of a standardized analytical approach to provide bioanalytical support for both preclinical and clinical studies. In this study, we present a universal strategy for fast development and validation (within 1-2 weeks) of a method for absolute quantification of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody in biological matrices using differential dimethyl labeling coupled with UPLC-MS/MS. Differential dimethyl labeling of tryptic peptides generated from the purified therapeutic monoclonal antibody and those derived from proteins in cynomolgus monkey serum with either d(2)- or d(0)-formaldehyde provided a fast, cost-effective, and standardized approach to generate internal standards for any surrogate peptides that are used to quantify the therapeutic monoclonal antibody in biological matrices. This labeling reaction employs inexpensive and commercially available reagents, d(0)- or d(2)-formaldehyde, to globally label the N-terminus and epsilon-amino group of Lys in a peptide via reductive amination. Moreover, the process is simple, relatively fast (<2 h reaction time), specific, and quantitative under mild reaction conditions. The chromatographic run time is 6 min per sample. The linearity of the assay for the selected monoclonal antibody was established from 1.00 to 1000 mug/mL with accuracy and precision within 15% at all concentrations. The intraday and interday assay accuracy (%RE) and coefficient of variations (CV%) are all within 15% for all QCs (2.00, 4.00, 20.0, 100, 750 mug/mL) prepared in three different serum pools from male and female cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Ji
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Hutchins RO, Learn K, Nazer B, Pytlewski D, Pelter A. AMINE BORANES AS SELECTIVE REDUCING AND HYDROBORATING AGENTS. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948409457891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ahmad S, Tester RF, Corbett A, Karkalas J. Dextran and 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) conjugates: synthesis, characterisation and enzymic hydrolysis. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2694-701. [PMID: 16973138 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid) is the drug of choice for the treatment of Crohn's disease. A scheme for the synthesis of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) conjugates of dextrans was developed with a focus on Crohn's disease applications. Dextrans were oxidised using sodium periodate (NaIO(4)), where the aldehyde groups formed were coupled with the alpha-amino (-NH(2)) group of 5-ASA. The resulting imine bonds were unstable in water and were consequently reduced to secondary amine groups. The effects of different aspects of the conjugation reaction were studied. These included the following: the molecular weight of the dextrans, the molar proportion of NaIO(4) to the dextrans (for periodate oxidation), the pH of the conjugation solutions, the ratio 5-ASA to oxidised polysaccharide and the relationship between the degree of conjugation and the amount of enzyme hydrolysis. Conjugates incubated in HCl were stable in 0.5 and 1.0M HCl, but they underwent degradation in 2.0 and 4.0M HCl. Dextrans (MW 20,000) with various degrees of oxidation (12%, 26%, 46%, 65%, 90% and 93%) were also prepared. Each oxidised dextran sample was conjugated with 5-ASA, and the product was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dextrans with a maximum degree of oxidation (93%) unsurprisingly gave maximum conjugation of 5-ASA (49.1mg per 100mg of product) but were resistant to dextranase hydrolysis. Less oxidised dextrans (12%) conjugated proportionally less 5-ASA (15.1mg per 100mg of product) but were successfully hydrolysed by dextranase, suggesting their potential applications for the treatment of Crohn's disease in the distal ileum and proximal colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shavej Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
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D'Ulivo A, Loreti V, Onor M, Pitzalis E, Zamboni R. Chemical vapor generation atomic spectrometry using amineboranes and cyanotrihydroborate(III) reagents. Anal Chem 2003; 75:2591-600. [PMID: 12948125 DOI: 10.1021/ac020694p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amineboranes of the type L-BH3 (L = NH3; tert-BuNH2; Me2NH; Me3N) and sodium cyanotrihydroborate(III) (NaBH3CN) have been tested as derivatization reagents in the generation of volatile hydrides and elemental mercury following aqueous phase reaction with ionic species of Hg(II), As(III), As(V), Sb(V), Sb(III), Bi(III), Se(IV), Se(VI), Te(IV), and Te(VI). Continuous flow generation atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with a flameless quartz tube atomizer (T = 25 degrees C) and a miniature argon-hydrogen diffusion flame atomizer were employed for the detection of mercury vapors and volatile hydrides, respectively. All of the reductants were able to reduce Hg(II) to the elemental state, giving sensitivities comparable to NaBH4 reduction. Under reaction conditions giving maximum sensitivity for hydride generation with NaBH4, only some amineboranes are able to produce volatile hydrides from all the elements. No evidence of hydride formation was observed from the Se(VI) and Te(VI). In general, the reducing power decreased in the order NaBH4 > H3N-BH3 > tert-BuNH2-BH3 > NaBH3CN > or = Me2HN-BH3 > Me3N-BH3. In comparison with THB, amineboranes and NaBH3CN allowed, in general, a better control of interference effects of Fe(III), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cu(II). Application to determination of mercury in certified reference material is reported. The most likely mechanism of reaction of borane complexes in chemical vapor generation is based on the direct action of hydrogen bound to boron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D'Ulivo
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica Strumentale, C.N.R., Istituto per i processi chimico-fisici, Area della Ricerca di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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11
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Ferreira L, Ramos M, Dordick J, Gil M. Influence of different silica derivatives in the immobilization and stabilization of a Bacillus licheniformis protease (Subtilisin Carlsberg). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(02)00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cayot P, Roullier L, Tainturier G. Electrochemical modifications of proteins. 1. Glycitolation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:1915-1923. [PMID: 10552471 DOI: 10.1021/jf980861f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
When an electrochemical method is tentatively applied for N-alkylation of proteins, some Maillard reactions occur on the counter electrode. A low level of reductive N-alkylation of casein was obtained on a cathodic electrode, but the method unfortunately remains poorly efficacious in comparison with those using a hydride donor such as sodium cyanoborohydride. Electroassisted reductive N-alkylation is suitable only for basic proteins such as histones or lysozyme. For other proteins, an alternative consists of either methylating carboxylic residues to increase the value of their isoelectric pH or coating them with a cationic detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cayot
- Département de biochimie-physicochimie, Ecole nationale supérieure de biologie appliquée à la nutrition et à l'alimentation, and Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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Rayment I. [12] Reductive alkylation of lysine residues to alter crystallization properties of proteins. Methods Enzymol 1997; 276:171-179. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)76058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Neoglycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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18
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Brumeanu TD, Dehazya P, Wolf I, Bona CA. Enzymatically mediated, glycosidic conjugation of immunoglobulins with viral epitopes. J Immunol Methods 1995; 183:185-97. [PMID: 7541431 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00092-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel enzymatic procedure to couple a peptide to the sugar moieties of immunoglobulins (Igs). The synthesis of the conjugates consists in galactose (Gal) oxidation of desialylated Igs followed by covalent attachment of the peptides with concurrent stabilization of the Schiff bases upon mild reduction. The peptide used in this study, corresponds to the amino acid residues 110-120 of hemagglutinin (HA) of PR8 A virus and is recognized by CD4 T helper cells in association with I-Ed class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The degree of coupling as determined by competitive inhibition of radioimmunoassay (IRIA) using FPLC purified conjugates was estimated at 11.4 peptides per IgG molecule. Coupling of HA110-120 peptide to the sugar moiety of various mouse and human Igs was confirmed by Western blot analysis developed with anti-HA110-120 antibodies. Complete detachment of the peptide from the conjugates by N-deglycosylation with PGNase F indicated a defined specificity of coupling HA peptide to the N-linked oligosaccharides of Igs. To facilitate quick release of the peptides from the conjugates into the lysosomal compartment of the antigen processing cells (APC) we introduced at the alpha amino terminus of the peptide (HAc110-120), a cleavage site for cathepsins (AAAL). The immunoglobulin-galactose-HAc110-120 conjugates (IGP) were able to activate HA110-120 specific T hybridoma cells as efficient as influenza PR8 A virus and 40-100-fold higher than the synthetic peptide itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Brumeanu
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Dufour E, Genot C, Haertlé T. beta-Lactoglobulin binding properties during its folding changes studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1205:105-12. [PMID: 8142474 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(94)90098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The milk protein, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) exhibits structural and binding properties which vary widely, depending on the medium. These properties of BLG are reflected in fluorescence intensities, steady-state anisotropies and phase lifetimes of BLG tryptophan residues and of retinol and diphenyl hexatriene (DPH) bound to BLG, as functions of pH, ethanol concentration and protein modifications (22% ethylated, 90% methylated and 85% acetylated BLGs). Tryptophan quenching experiments show that retinol and DPH bind to BLG in 1:1 molar ratios with apparent dissociation constants around 10(-7) - 10(-8) M. The strength of retinol binding is pH-dependent in the range 3-8, whereas that of DPH binding is not. Two different binding sites for these two ligands coexist on the protein. Modified BLGs exhibit higher affinities for DPH than the unmodified protein. At all pH values investigated, the fluorescence emission at 480 nm of retinol/BLG mixtures and retinol, DPH and tryptophan anisotropies and lifetimes change dramatically with midpoint at 27% ethanol for the first parameter and 35% for the others, suggesting simultaneous beta-strand to alpha-helix transition and the dissociation of BLG complexes at 35% ethanol. An intermediate state, possibly 'molten globular', occurs around 20% ethanol, as deduced from anisotropy and lifetime measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dufour
- L.E.I.M.A.-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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Schnaar RL, Mahoney JA, Swank-Hill P, Tiemeyer M, Needham LK. Receptors for gangliosides and related glycosphingolipids on central and peripheral nervous system cell membranes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 101:185-97. [PMID: 8029451 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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White HD, Rayment I. Kinetic characterization of reductively methylated myosin subfragment 1. Biochemistry 1993; 32:9859-65. [PMID: 8373784 DOI: 10.1021/bi00088a042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Reductive methylation of myosin-S1 converts 97% of lysine residues in native myosin-S1 to dimethyllysine without detectable modification of other amino acid side chains. RM-S1 is catalytically active, although the rate and equilibrium constants of many of the steps of the actomyosin ATP hydrolysis mechanism have been altered. The steady-state rate of MgATP hydrolysis by modified myosin-S1 (RM-S1) is increased 4-5-fold in the absence of actin. However, the maximum steady-state rate of RM-S1 at saturating actin, 0.59 s-1, is less than one-tenth that observed for the unmodified protein, 7.4 s-1 (5 mM MOPS, 2 mM MgCl2, pH 7, 20 degrees C). Under single-turnover conditions [S1] > [ATP], the observed rate of ATP hydrolysis by RM-S1 is fit by a single exponential that is no more than twice the steady-state rate, which indicates that the bond splitting state is at least partially rate limiting for RM-S1. Although a small decrease in intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence is observed upon ATP binding to RM-acto-S1, the large and rapid fluorescence enhancement produced by aza-ATP binding to RM-acto-S1 is nearly normal. ATP binds and dissociates modified RM-S1 from actin with a second-order rate constant that is more than twice that observed for control S1. The changes in the kinetic mechanism produced by reductive methylation of lysine are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the changes that are induced by either SH1 modification or substrate analogues such as GTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D White
- Department of Biochemistry, East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk 23501
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22
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Rypniewski WR, Holden HM, Rayment I. Structural consequences of reductive methylation of lysine residues in hen egg white lysozyme: an X-ray analysis at 1.8-A resolution. Biochemistry 1993; 32:9851-8. [PMID: 8373783 DOI: 10.1021/bi00088a041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of proteins has been and continues to be an important biochemical tool for the study of protein structure and function. One such type of approach has been the reductive methylation of lysine residues. In order to address the consequences of such methylation on the crystallization and structural properties of a protein, the three-dimensional structure of hen egg white lysozyme in which all lysine residues have been alkylated has been determined and refined to a nominal resolution of 1.8 A and a crystallographic R factor of 17.3%. Crystals used in the investigation were grown from 1.5-1.8 M MgSO4 and 50 mM Tris at pH 8.0 and belonged to the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a = 30.6 A, b = 56.3 A, c = 73.2 A, and one molecule per asymmetric unit. It was not possible to grow crystals of the modified lysozyme under the conditions normally employed for the hen egg white protein. Overall, the three-dimensional structures of the native lysozyme and the modified protein are very similar with only two surface loops differing to any significant extent. Specifically, the positions of the alpha-carbons for these two forms of the protein, excluding the surface loops, superimpose with a root-mean-square value of 0.40 A. The magnitude of the structural changes observed between the modified an unmodified forms of lysozyme is similar to that seen when an identical protein structure is solved in two different crystalline lattices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Frapin D, Dufour E, Haertle T. Probing the fatty acid binding site of beta-lactoglobulins. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 12:443-9. [PMID: 8251064 DOI: 10.1007/bf01025044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of fatty acids with porcine and bovine beta-lactoglobulins were measured using tryptophan fluorescence enhancement. In the case of bovine beta-lactoglobulin, the apparent binding constants for most of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were in the range of 10(-7) M at neutral pH. Bovine beta-lactoglobulin displays only one high affinity binding site for palmitate with an apparent dissociation constant of 1 x 10(-7) M. The strength of the binding was decreasing in the following way: palmitate > stearate > myristate > arachidonate > laurate. Caprylic and capric acids are not bound at all. The affinity of beta-lactoglobulin for palmitate decreased as the pH of the incubation medium was lowered and BLG/palmitate complex was not observed at pH's lower than 4.5. Surprisingly, chemically modified bovine beta-lactoglobulin and porcine beta-lactoglobulin did not bind fatty acids in the applied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Frapin
- LEIMA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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Needham LK, Schnaar RL. Carbohydrate recognition in the peripheral nervous system: a calcium-dependent membrane binding site for HNK-1 reactive glycolipids potentially involved in Schwann cell adhesion. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1993; 121:397-408. [PMID: 8468354 PMCID: PMC2200103 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.121.2.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate determinants recognized by the HNK-1 antibody are potential cell-cell recognition ligands in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The HNK-1 reactive sulfoglucuronylneolacto (SGNL) glycolipids specifically support Schwann cell adhesion, suggesting the presence of a cell surface receptor specific for SGNL-oligosaccharides. We directly probed PNS membranes for receptors complementary to SGNL determinants using a synthetic radioligand consisting of radioiodinated serum albumin derivatized with multiple SGNL-oligosaccharides. A high-affinity, saturable, calcium-dependent binding site for this ligand was found in PNS myelin membranes. Binding activity was carbohydrate-specific (most potently inhibited by SGNL-lipids compared to other glycolipids) and PNS-specific (absent from comparable central nervous system membranes). The SGNL-specific binding activity on PNS membranes reported here may be involved in peripheral myelination or myelin stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Needham
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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26
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Wusteman FS, Gacesa P. End-labelled fluorescent polyguluronate and polymannuronate for the assay of alginate lyases. Carbohydr Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)80110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Needham LK, Schnaar RL. The HNK-1 reactive sulfoglucuronyl glycolipids are ligands for L-selectin and P-selectin but not E-selectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:1359-63. [PMID: 7679503 PMCID: PMC45872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.4.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
E-selectin, L-selectin, and P-selectin are related cell adhesion molecules that bind via their lectin domains to sialyl Lewis x and related carbohydrate determinants. Reports have indicated that sulfated glycolipids and polysaccharides also bind selectins. To extend these findings, we compared binding of selectin-IgG chimeras to immobilized sulfated and sialylated glycosphingolipids. E-, L-, and P-selectin chimeras all bound to surfaces absorbed with 2,3-sialyl Lewis x glycolipid or sulfatide (galactosylceramide I3-sulfate) but not to surfaces adsorbed with control sulfated lipids (octadecyl sulfate, sphingosine sulfate). Notably, the L- and P-selectin chimeras but not E-selectin chimera bound to surfaces adsorbed with sulfoglucuronyl glycosphingolipids (SGNL lipids; e.g., IV3 glucuronylneolactotetraosylceramide V3-sulfate). These unusual lipids have been reported as antigenic determinants for monoclonal IgM antibodies produced in patients with neuropathy associated with paraproteinemia and react with the mouse monoclonal antibody HNK-1. Binding of L- and P-selectin chimeras to SGNL lipids was specifically inhibited by appropriate anti-selectin antibodies. While binding of all three selectin chimeras to sialyl Lewis x was blocked by removal of calcium, binding to SGNL lipid was only modestly reduced by EDTA. Chemically desulfated SGNL lipid retained binding activity for L- and P-selectin chimeras, while methyl esterification of the glucuronic acid eliminated binding. We conclude that SGNL lipids, unlike sialyl Lewis x and sulfatides, selectively support L- and P-selectin but not E-selectin chimera binding. The presence of SGNL lipids on brain microvascular endothelium (and other endothelia) may implicate these molecules in leukocyte trafficking to the nervous system and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Needham
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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28
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Dufour E, Roger P, Haertlé T. Binding of benzo(a)pyrene, ellipticine, and cis-parinaric acid to beta-lactoglobulin: influence of protein modifications. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1992; 11:645-52. [PMID: 1466762 DOI: 10.1007/bf01024965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The binding of benzo(a)pyrene, ellipticine, and cis-parinaric acid to native, esterified, and alkylated beta-lactoglobulin was followed by enhancement of the ligand fluorescence. Three studied ligands bind to native or modified beta-lactoglobulin in apparent molar ratios varying between 1/8 and 2/1, with apparent dissociation constants in the range of 10(-8) M for ligand/beta-lactoglobulin complexes. The studied, chemically modified beta-lactoglobulin derivatives display higher binding affinities for all studied ligands, cis-parinaric acid excluded. The reductive alkylation of epsilon-NH2 lysyl residues of beta-lactoglobulin increases the apparent molar ratios of benzo(a)pyrene and cis-parinaric acid, and decreases it for ellipticine. The esterified and native beta-lactoglobulin complexed to the investigated ligands display similar stoichiometries. Dynamic light scattering study of ligand-beta-lactoglobulin complexes in solution shows the formation of aggregates: the apparent hydrodynamic radius value of beta-lactoglobulin dimer (3.4 nm) reaches 49, 46, and 74 nm upon addition and binding of benzo(a)pyrene, ellipticine, and cis-parinaric acid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dufour
- LEIMA-INRA, BP 527, Nantes, France
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Hiraiwa M, Soeda S, Kishimoto Y, O'Brien JS. Binding and transport of gangliosides by prosaposin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:11254-8. [PMID: 1454804 PMCID: PMC50528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosaposin, the precursor of saposins A, B, C, and D, which activate lysosomal hydrolysis of sphingolipids, exists in various tissues and body fluids and is especially abundant in the nervous system. Prosaposin and saposins A,B, C, and D formed stable complexes with 13 different gangliosides as measured by an assay using column chromatography. Gangliosides of the gangliotetraose type (a series) were bound with high affinity, whereas b series gangliosides, O-acetylated gangliosides, and gangliosides with shorter carbohydrate chains, were bound with lower affinity. Prosaposin and saposins transferred gangliosides from donor liposomes to erythrocyte ghost membranes. Prosaposin also stimulated ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase more than mature saposins. Prosaposin exists as a secretory protein and as an integral membrane protein, and we propose that prosaposin is active as a ganglioside binding and transport protein in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hiraiwa
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093
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30
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Abstract
The technique of chemical crosslinking has been used to enhance the stability of proteins and enzymes. In this procedure, the molecule is braced with chemical crosslinks either intramolecularly or intermolecularly to another species to reinforce its active structure. Various chemicals have been used for this purpose. The bifunctional reagents are the most prominent. These compounds are derived from group-specific reagents and may be classified into homobifunctional, heterobifunctional, and zero-length crosslinkers. Different physical and chemical characteristics have been incorporated into these chemicals. Their versatility holds great potential in preparing chemically, thermally, and mechanically stable proteins and enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
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31
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Peptide:N-glycosidase activity found in the early embryos of Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish). The first demonstration of the occurrence of peptide:N-glycosidase in animal cells and its implication for the presence of a de-N-glycosylation system in living organisms. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Dufour E, Haertlé T. Binding of retinoids and beta-carotene to beta-lactoglobulin. Influence of protein modifications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1079:316-20. [PMID: 1911856 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90075-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The binding of retinol, retinyl acetate, retinoic acid and beta-carotene to native, esterified and alkylated beta-lactoglobulin was followed by quenching of tryptophan fluorescence. Three studied retinoids bind to native or modified beta-lactoglobulin in 1:1 molar ratios, with apparent dissociation constants in the range of 10(-8) M. The maximum tryptophan fluorescence quenching of unmodified beta-lactoglobulin by beta-carotene is observed at the ligand/protein ratio of 1:2. Esterification and alkylation of beta-lactoglobulin shift the ratio of beta-carotene/protein to 1:1. In all the cases, except for retinoic acid binding to N-ethyllysyl-BLG, the performed chemical modifications of beta-lactoglobulin enhance protein binding affinity. Measured apparent dissociation constants of beta-carotene complexes with native and modified beta-lactoglobulin are an order of magnitude lower from binding constants of other studied retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dufour
- L.E.I.M.A., Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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33
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Stults NL, Asta LM, Lee YC. Immobilization of proteins on oxidized crosslinked Sepharose preparations by reductive amination. Anal Biochem 1989; 180:114-9. [PMID: 2554747 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mild periodate oxidation of certain commercially available crosslinked agarose beads (Sepharose CL-4B and CL-6B) results in the generation of aldehydo groups which were useful for immobilization of amino compounds by reductive amination using pyridine borane. Consumption of periodate ion and production of formaldehyde were only observed with crosslinked Sepharose preparations and were correlated with a binding capacity much greater than that of uncross-linked gels when subjected to the reductive amination reaction. Up to 50 mg (approximately 0.73 mumol) of bovine serum albumin and 30 mumol of glycylglycine were coupled per gram of moist oxidized Sepharose CL-6B. The immobilization reaction was shown to proceed at neutral pH requiring about 12 h for completion and to be relatively insensitive to temperature and pyridine borane concentration. The oxidized gel was shown to be stable for at least 2 months upon storage in 0.1 M acetic acid. This method has proven to be useful for the preparation of a variety of affinity matrices and immobilized enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Stults
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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34
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Lee RT, Wong TC, Lee R, Yue L, Lee YC. Efficient coupling of glycopeptides to proteins with a heterobifunctional reagent. Biochemistry 1989; 28:1856-61. [PMID: 2470404 DOI: 10.1021/bi00430a064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A heterobifunctional linking reagent containing a masked aldehydo group and acyl hydrazide was synthesized for coupling of glycopeptides and other amino-containing compounds to proteins. After conversion to acyl azide, the reagent reacts with the amino group of a glycopeptide, and the modified glycopeptide is deacetalized with a weak acid to unmask the aldehydo group, which is then conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by reductive alkylation with pyridine-borane. The overall reaction scheme proceeds under relatively mild conditions. When the protein amino group was in a large excess (greater than 6-fold) of the aldehyde reagent, the efficiency of conjugation was as high as 88% even at submicromole levels. As a test case for application of this reagent, 6-aminohexyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (Gal-AH) was attached to the linking reagent and conjugated to BSA at various aldehyde-to-protein molar ratios ranging from 25 to 200. The level of O-galactosyl residue incorporated into BSA by this reagent far exceeded that observed in a similar reductive alkylation involving S-galactoside reagents [Lee, R. T., & Lee, Y. C. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 156-163]. By use of the present conjugating procedure, as many as 112 mol of Gal-AH residues were incorporated per mole of BSA, which represents near total modification of the amino groups. Some binding characteristics of the new BSA derivatives were studied in the mammalian hepatic galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine specific lectin system along with other types of BSA derivatives (containing S-galactosyl residues). In general, the behavior of the new derivatives was similar to that of other types. For instance, the affinity increased exponentially at low sugar substitution levels (up to 30 mol of galactosyl residues/mol of BSA), and the slope of exponential increase and affinity at a given sugar substitution level was similar to those of other types.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Lee
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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35
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Thomas JO. Chemical radiolabeling of lysines that interact strongly with DNA in chromatin. Methods Enzymol 1989; 170:369-85. [PMID: 2505021 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)70057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Lee YC, Lee RT. Conjugation of glycopeptides to proteins. Methods Enzymol 1989; 179:253-7. [PMID: 2482924 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)79125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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37
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Feeney RE, Osuga DT. Egg-white and blood-serum proteins functioning by noncovalent interactions: studies by chemical modification and comparative biochemistry. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1988; 7:667-87. [PMID: 3252892 DOI: 10.1007/bf01025577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Some of the more interesting and important proteins are those that function by forming associations or complexes with other substances. The structure-function relationships of three of these with very different substances are transferrins, which chelate metal ions; avian ovomucoids, which form complexes with proteolytic enzymes; and antifreeze glycoproteins, which interact at the ice-solution interface. Interrelating studies on the comparative biochemistry with studies using chemical modification have helped identify the side-chain groups of the proteins involved in function as well as to be useful for studies on general protein chemistry. The most strongly associated interaction is the chelation of iron by transferrin, with an association constant of approximately 10(21); tyrosines, histidines, and sometimes aspartate are involved. For ovomucoids, individual substratelike residues such as lysine are involved in a Michaelis-like complex, and association constants are as high as 10(10). By contrast, the antifreeze glycoproteins appear to function by a polymeric interaction at the surface of ice, with a much weaker association.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Feeney
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616
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38
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Feeney RE. Chemical modification of proteins: comments and perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1987; 29:145-61. [PMID: 3570660 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1987.tb02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical modification of proteins has increased exponentially during the past two decades. Today the many different uses of chemical modification include determination of relative reactivities of side chain groups, the quantitation of individual amino acids, development of affinity reagents, mechanism-based reagents for pharmaceutical uses, cross-linking reagents, special techniques for bioprostheses, blocking reagents for peptide synthesis, and reagents for specific cleavages of peptide bonds. Chemical modification should continue to be a primary tool in protein chemistry. It can supply information or products difficult or impossible to attain by the newer powerful technique of in vitro mutagenesis as well as serve as a supplementary procedure for the latter.
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39
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Abstract
The use of the aliphatic aldehyde, para-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde as the reactive moiety in the radioiodination of proteins by reductive alkylation is described. The para-hydroxyphenyl group is radiolabeled with 125I, reacted through its aliphatic aldehyde group with primary amino groups on proteins to form a reversible Schiff base linkage which can then be stabilized with the mild reducing agent NaCNBH3. The introduction of the methylene group between the benzene ring and the aldehyde group increases its reactivity with protein amino groups permitting efficient labeling at low aldehyde concentrations. Using this method, radioiodinated proteins with high specific activity can be produced. The reductive alkylation procedure is advantageous in that the labeling conditions are mild, the reaction is specific for lysyl residues, and the modification of the epsilon-ammonium group of lysine results in ionizable secondary amino groups avoiding major changes in protein charge.
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40
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Geren L, Tuls J, O'Brien P, Millett F, Peterson JA. The involvement of carboxylate groups of putidaredoxin in the reaction with putidaredoxin reductase. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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41
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42
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Takeda Y, Kim JG, Caday CG, Ohlendorf DH, Anderson WF, Matthews BW. Different interactions used by Cro repressor in specific and nonspecific DNA binding. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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43
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Nogimori K, Tamura M, Yajima M, Hashimura N, Ishii S, Ui M. Structure-function relationship of islet-activating protein, pertussis toxin: biological activities of hybrid toxins reconstituted from native and methylated subunits. Biochemistry 1986; 25:1355-63. [PMID: 3964680 DOI: 10.1021/bi00354a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Islet-activating protein (IAP), pertussis toxin, is a hexameric protein composed of an A protomer and a B oligomer, the residual pentamer having such a subunit assembly that two different dimers, dimer 1 and dimer 2, are connected with each other by means of the smallest C subunit. Incubation of IAP with formaldehyde and pyridine-borane produced the modified toxin in which most of the free amino groups were dimethylated. The methylated and nonmethylated (native) IAP were disintegrated into their respective constituent components, which were then cross combined to reconstitute hybrid toxins with the original hexameric structure. The binding of the B oligomer to the mammalian cell surface via dimer 2 was, but the binding via dimer 1 was not, seriously impaired by methylation of amino groups in the protein. The binding of the B oligomer allowed the A protomer to enter cells and to catalyze ADP-ribosylation of a membrane Mr 41 000 protein. The diverse biological activities of IAP occurring by this mechanism were mimicked by not only methylated IAP but also all hybrid toxins, indicating that the free amino groups in the protein were not essential for the enzyme activity of the A protomer and that the A protomer was able to enter cells if the B oligomer bound to cells "monovalently" via dimer 1. An additional effect of the B oligomer binding, i.e., the direct stimulation, without the transport of the A protomer, of cells leading to mitosis in lymphocytes in vitro or increases in circulating lymphocytes in vivo, was not mimicked by hybrid toxins containing methylated dimer 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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44
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Stonehuerner J, O'Brien P, Geren L, Millett F, Steidl J, Yu L, Yu CA. Identification of the binding site on cytochrome c1 for cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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45
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Abstract
Pyridine borane has been reported as a superior reagent over a wide pH range, 5-9, for the reductive methylation of amino groups of proteins with formaldehyde [J. C. Cabacungan , A. I. Ahmed , and R. E. Feeney (1982) Anal. Biochem. 124, 272-278]. It has also been reported to reduce tryptophan to dihydrotryptophan and to inactivate lysozyme in trifluoroacetic acid [M. Kurata , Y. Kikugawa , T. Kuwae , I. Koyama , and T. Takagi (1980) Chem. Pharm . Bull 28, 2274-2275]. In the present study the specificity of pyridine borane for the two different modifications under different reaction conditions has been demonstrated, and extended to the application to the synthesis of protein containing reductively attached carbohydrates. In the acid reduction, pyridine borane selectively reduced all six tryptophans in lysozyme to dihydrotryptophan while all other amino acids remained intact. On similar treatment no cleavage of the carbohydrate moiety from chicken ovomucoid, and no losses of activity of ovomucoid or ribonuclease, two proteins devoid of tryptophan, were observed. Nearly complete methylation of the lysines of lysozyme, chicken ovomucoid, and ribonuclease was achieved with formaldehyde at pH 7.0 after 2 h at room temperature, with the retention of full activity of the protein without any destruction of tryptophan. The same chemistry was applied to covalently attach glucose and lactose to bovine serum albumin. Parameters, including pH, temperature, and methanol, that affect the reactions were investigated. Incremental additions of pyridine borane during the course of the reactions increased the rate of modification. The covalent attachment of sugar to the epsilon-amino group of lysine was demonstrated by the synthesis of N-alpha- acetylglucitollysine and comparison with acid hydrolysates of the bovine serum albumin-sugar derivatives.
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46
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47
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Identification of specific carboxylate groups on adrenodoxin that are involved in the interaction with adrenodoxin reductase. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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48
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49
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