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Wiśniewska M, Urban T, Tokarska K, Marciniak P, Giel A, Nowicki P. Removal of Organic Dyes, Polymers and Surfactants Using Carbonaceous Materials Derived from Walnut Shells. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1987. [PMID: 38730794 PMCID: PMC11084864 DOI: 10.3390/ma17091987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
A series of new granular carbonaceous adsorbents was prepared via single-stage physical and chemical activation of walnut shells. Their suitability for removing various types of organic pollutants (represented by dyes, surfactants and water-soluble polymers) from the liquid phase was assessed. The activation of the precursor was carried out with CO2 and H3PO4 using conventional heating. Activated biocarbons were characterized in terms of chemical composition, acidic-basic nature of the surface, textural and electrokinetic properties as well as thermal stability. Depending on the type of activating agent used during the activation procedure, the obtained biocarbons differed in terms of specific surface area (from 401 to 1361 m2/g) and the type of porous structure produced (microporosity contribution in the range of 45-75%). Adsorption tests proved that the effectiveness of removing organic pollutants from the liquid phase depended to a large extent on the type of prepared adsorbent as well as the chemical nature and the molecular size of the adsorbate used. The chemically activated sample showed greater removal efficiency in relation to all tested pollutants. Its maximum adsorption capacity for methylene blue, poly(acrylic acid), poly(ethylene glycol) and Triton X-100 reached the levels of 247.1, 680.9, 38.5 and 61.8 mg/g, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Wiśniewska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (T.U.); (K.T.)
| | - Teresa Urban
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (T.U.); (K.T.)
| | - Karina Tokarska
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (T.U.); (K.T.)
| | - Paulina Marciniak
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Giel
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Piotr Nowicki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (P.M.); (A.G.)
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Van Belleghem JD, Merabishvili M, Vergauwen B, Lavigne R, Vaneechoutte M. A comparative study of different strategies for removal of endotoxins from bacteriophage preparations. J Microbiol Methods 2017; 132:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Malhas AN, Abuknesha RA, Price RG. Removal of detergents from protein extracts using activated charcoal prior to immunological analysis. J Immunol Methods 2002; 264:37-43. [PMID: 12191507 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of dextran-coated activated charcoal (DCC) powder to absorb solubilising detergents from cell lysates is described. Normal embryonic epithelial cells were lysed in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The detergent was then absorbed with DCC to facilitate analysis of polycystin-1 with antibody-based methods. Polycystin-1 is a membrane protein that is involved in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The adverse effect of SDS on antibody-polycystin-1 binding was studied and the improvement resulting from its removal demonstrated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The results indicate that DCC can be used in a simple manner to remove highly reactive membrane-solubilising reagents from protein mixtures prior to immunological analysis. This procedure may be relevant to a variety of other techniques that are normally affected by detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf N Malhas
- Division of Life Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, UK
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Terstappen GC, Kula MR. Selective Extraction and Quantitation of Polyoxyethylene Detergents and its Application in Protein Determination. ANAL LETT 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719008052558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kapp EA, Whiteley CG. An improved procedure for the isolation and purification of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo fuscomaculata electric organ. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1034:29-38. [PMID: 2328259 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(90)90149-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor has been isolated and purified from extracts of the electric organ of the fish Torpedo fuscomaculata. The isolation procedure involves (a) a series of purification steps including preparation of membrane fragments, extraction of receptors with non-ionic detergents and chromatofocusing; (b) a novel fluorimetric titration assay. The purified receptor is isolated following a 9-fold purification with an overall yield of 12% and a specific activity of 4027 nM.g-1. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate produced only one major band with molecular weight of 44,600 associated with the alpha-subunit. A comparison is made with other established procedures. Affinity chromatography on cobratoxin CNBr-Sepharose CL4B produced a 6.8-fold purification, 5% yield and 2900 nM.g-1 specific activity, while in ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE Sepharose 6B gave a 4.7-fold purification, 3% yield and specific activity of 1988 nM.g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Kapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Republic of South Africa
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