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Tarasick DW, Carey-Smith TK, Hocking WK, Moeini O, He H, Liu J, Osman M, Thompson AM, Johnson B, Oltmans SJ, Merrill JT. Quantifying stratosphere-troposphere transport of ozone using balloon-borne ozonesondes, radar windprofilers and trajectory models. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2019; 198:496-509. [PMID: 32457561 PMCID: PMC7250237 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a series of 10-day campaigns in Ontario and Quebec, Canada, between 2005 and 2007, ozonesondes were launched twice daily in conjunction with continuous high-resolution wind-profiling radar measurements. Windprofilers can measure rapid changes in the height of the tropopause, and in some cases follow stratospheric intrusions. Observed stratospheric intrusions were studied with the aid of a Lagrangian particle dispersion model and the Canadian operational weather forecast system. Definite stratosphere-troposphere transport (STT) events occurred approximately every 2-3 days during the spring and summer campaigns, whereas during autumn and winter, the frequency was reduced to every 4-5 days. Although most events reached the lower troposphere, only three events appear to have significantly contributed to ozone amounts in the surface boundary layer. Detailed calculations find that STT, while highly variable, is responsible for an average, over the seven campaigns, of 3.1% of boundary layer ozone (1.2 ppb), but 13% (5.4 ppb) in the lower troposphere and 34% (22 ppb) in the middle and upper troposphere, where these layers are defined as 0-1 km, 1-3 km, and 3-8 km respectively. Estimates based on counting laminae in ozonesonde profiles, with judicious choices of ozone and relative humidity thresholds, compare moderately well, on average, with these values. The lamina detection algorithm is then applied to a large dataset from four summer ozonesonde campaigns at 18 North American sites between 2006 and 2011. The results show some site-to-site and year-to-year variability, but stratospheric ozone contributions average 4.6% (boundary layer), 15% (lower troposphere) and 26% (middle/upper troposphere). Calculations were also performed based on the TOST global 3D trajectory-mapped ozone data product. Maps of STT in the same three layers of the troposphere suggest that the STT ozone flux is greater over the North American continent than Europe, and much greater in winter and spring than in summer or fall. When averaged over all seasons, magnitudes over North America show similar ratios between levels to the previous calculations, but are overall 3-4 times smaller. This may be because of limitations (trajectory length and vertical resolution) to the current TOST-based calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Tarasick
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - T K Carey-Smith
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., Private Bag 14901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - W K Hocking
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - O Moeini
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - H He
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Downsview, ON, Canada M3H 5T4
| | - J Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Canada, and School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Osman
- Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, The University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, OK, USA
| | - A M Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B Johnson
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S J Oltmans
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J T Merrill
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, RI, USA
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Austin E, Coull B, Thomas D, Koutrakis P. A framework for identifying distinct multipollutant profiles in air pollution data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 45:112-21. [PMID: 22584082 PMCID: PMC3774277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of describing, understanding and regulating multi-pollutant mixtures has been highlighted by the US National Academy of Science and the Environmental Protection Agency. Furthering our understanding of the health effects associated with exposure to mixtures of pollutants will lead to the development of new multi-pollutant National Air Quality Standards. OBJECTIVES Introduce a framework within which diagnostic methods that are based on our understanding of air pollution mixtures are used to validate the distinct air pollutant mixtures identified using cluster analysis. METHODS Six years of daily gaseous and particulate air pollution data collected in Boston, MA were classified solely on their concentration profiles. Classification was performed using k-means partitioning and hierarchical clustering. Diagnostic strategies were developed to identify the most optimal clustering. RESULTS The optimal solution used k-means analysis and contained five distinct groups of days. Pollutant concentrations and elemental ratios were computed in order to characterize the differences between clusters. Time-series regression confirmed that the groups differed in their chemical compositions. The mean values of meteorological parameters were estimated for each group and air mass origin between clusters was examined using back-trajectory analysis. This allowed us to link the distinct physico-chemical characteristics of each cluster to characteristic weather patterns and show that different clusters were associated with distinct air mass origins. CONCLUSIONS This analysis yielded a solution that was robust to outlier points and interpretable based on chemical, physical and meteorological characteristics. This novel method provides an exciting tool with which to identify and further investigate multi-pollutant mixtures and link them directly to health effects studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Austin
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Langford AO, Brioude J, Cooper OR, Senff CJ, Alvarez RJ, Hardesty RM, Johnson BJ, Oltmans SJ. Stratospheric influence on surface ozone in the Los Angeles area during late spring and early summer of 2010. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim JH, Lee HJ, Lee SH. The characteristics of tropospheric ozone seasonality observed from ozone soundings at Pohang, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2006; 118:1-12. [PMID: 16897529 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-0772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the first analysis of vertical ozone sounding measurements over Pohang, Korea. The main focus is to analyze the seasonal variation of vertical ozone profiles and determine the mechanisms controlling ozone seasonality. The maxima ozone at the surface and in the free troposphere are observed in May and June, respectively. In comparison with the ozone seasonality at Oki (near sea level) and Happo (altitude of 1840 m) in Japan, which are located at the same latitude as of Pohang, we have found that the time of the ozone maximum at the Japanese sites is always a month earlier than at Pohang. Analysis of the wind flow at the surface shows that the wind shifts from westerly to southerly in May over Japan, but in June over Pohang. However, this wind shift above boundary layer occurs a month later. This wind shift results in significantly smaller amounts of ozone because the southerly wind brings clean wet tropical air. It has been suggested that the spring ozone maximum in the lower troposphere is due to polluted air transported from China. However, an enhanced ozone amount over the free troposphere in June appears to have a different origin. A tongue-like structure in the time-height cross-section of ozone concentrations, which starts from the stratosphere and extends to the middle troposphere, suggests that the ozone enhancement occurs due to a gradual migration of ozone from the stratosphere. The high frequency of dry air with elevated ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere in June suggests that the air is transported from the stratosphere. HYSPLIT trajectory analysis supports the hypothesis that enhanced ozone in the free troposphere is not likely due to transport from sources of anthropogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae H Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, Korea.
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Rotman DA, Atherton CS, Bergmann DJ, Cameron-Smith PJ, Chuang CC, Connell PS, Dignon JE, Franz A, Grant KE, Kinnison DE, Molenkamp CR, Proctor DD, Tannahill JR. IMPACT, the LLNL 3-D global atmospheric chemical transport model for the combined troposphere and stratosphere: Model description and analysis of ozone and other trace gases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Rotman
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - C. S. Atherton
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - D. J. Bergmann
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - P. J. Cameron-Smith
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - C. C. Chuang
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - P. S. Connell
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - J. E. Dignon
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - A. Franz
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - K. E. Grant
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - D. E. Kinnison
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - C. R. Molenkamp
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - D. D. Proctor
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
| | - J. R. Tannahill
- Atmospheric Science Division; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Livermore California USA
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Parrish DD, Trainer M, Holloway JS, Yee JE, Warshawsky MS, Fehsenfeld FC, Forbes GL, Moody JL. Relationships between ozone and carbon monoxide at surface sites in the North Atlantic region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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