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Zhao J, Lin JD, Chen JC, Chen G, Li XL, Wang XQ, Chen MX. α-chymotrypsin activated and stabilized by self-assembled polypseudorotaxane fabricated with bis-thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) and α-cyclodextrin: Spectroscopic and mechanistic analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:1266-1273. [PMID: 28495630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembled polypseudorotaxane (PPRX) fabricated with bis-thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and α-cyclodextrin (α-CyD) acted as an activator for α-chymotrypsin (CT) and retained the activity of CT for a long time up to 7days. The stabilization mechanism was studied, and the interaction between CT and PPRX was analyzed by using circular dichroism, fluorescence spectra and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The bis-thiolated PEG and its assembled PPRX with α-CyD exhibited the interaction with the C-terminal region of the CT's B-chain probably through PEGylation of the surface disulfide bridge of CT. It caused the aromatic chromophores more exposed to the hydrophilic microenvironment, leading to conformational variation of CT that was revealed by spectroscopic analysis. It rendered the peptide chains in a more flexible and active state. As a comparison, the non-thiolated components could not decorate the surface of CT and performed almost no effect on its stability, which demonstrated that the decoration of the surface disulfide bridge was a key factor in retaining the activity of CT. Due to the activation and stabilization effect, bis-thiolated PEG/α-CyD PPRX was an excellent soft-immobilized carrier for CT, and provided an intriguing method for enzyme's stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering (Huaqiao University), Fujian Province University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Institute of Oil and Natural Products, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China.
| | - Ji-Duan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering (Huaqiao University), Fujian Province University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China
| | - Jia-Chen Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering (Huaqiao University), Fujian Province University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China
| | - Xia-Lan Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering (Huaqiao University), Fujian Province University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering (Huaqiao University), Fujian Province University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Institute of Oil and Natural Products, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China
| | - Ming-Xia Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering (Huaqiao University), Fujian Province University, 668 Jimei Avenue, Amoy, 361021, China
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Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive fibroinflammatory disease that exists in large-duct (often with intraductal calculi) or small-duct form. In many patients this disease results from a complex mix of environmental (eg, alcohol, cigarettes, and occupational chemicals) and genetic factors (eg, mutation in a trypsin-controlling gene or the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator); a few patients have hereditary or autoimmune disease. Pain in the form of recurrent attacks of pancreatitis (representing paralysis of apical exocytosis in acinar cells) or constant and disabling pain is usually the main symptom. Management of the pain is mainly empirical, involving potent analgesics, duct drainage by endoscopic or surgical means, and partial or total pancreatectomy. However, steroids rapidly reduce symptoms in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis, and micronutrient therapy to correct electrophilic stress is emerging as a promising treatment in the other patients. Steatorrhoea, diabetes, local complications, and psychosocial issues associated with the disease are additional therapeutic challenges.
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MESH Headings
- Abdominal Pain/etiology
- Abdominal Pain/therapy
- Algorithms
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Autoimmunity
- Biomarkers/blood
- Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde
- Diabetes Mellitus/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Drainage
- Endoscopy, Digestive System
- Fibrosis
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Ischemia/complications
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Micronutrients/therapeutic use
- Mutation
- Pancreas/blood supply
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- Pancreatectomy
- Pancreaticojejunostomy
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing
- Pancreatitis, Alcoholic
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/classification
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/complications
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/diagnosis
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/etiology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/metabolism
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/pathology
- Pancreatitis, Chronic/therapy
- Prednisolone/therapeutic use
- Risk Factors
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Steatorrhea/etiology
- Steatorrhea/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Braganza
- Department of Gastroenterology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
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Endege WO, Lonsdale-Eccles JD, Olembo NK, Moloo SK, ole-MoiYoi OK. Purification and characterization of two fibrinolysins from the midgut of adult female Glossina morsitans centralis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 92:25-34. [PMID: 2523272 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Adult female tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans centralis) have at least five midgut fibrinolytic proteases, the two most active of which we have purified using DE-52 cellulose. 2. The purified proteases appeared as single bands in sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gels and had mol. wts of 24,000 and 23,500 and pI values of 6.0 and 5.3, respectively. 3. Both proteases hydrolyse Tosyl-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA optimally at pH 8.0 (with Km of 20 and 30 microM) and were inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, alpha 1-protease inhibitor, aprotinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, benzamidine and tosyllysine chloromethylketone. 4. Compared to bovine plasmin, these enzymes digest fibrinogen or fibrin at a slower rate but give similar products. 5. Thus these enzymes are serine proteases similar to the trypsin-like enzymes detected in G. m. morsitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Endege
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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7
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Simpson BK, Haard NF. Trypsin from Greenland cod, Gadus ogac. Isolation and comparative properties. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 79:613-22. [PMID: 6518765 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Trypsin(ogen) was isolated from the pyloric ceca of Greenland cod. Greenland cod trypsin catalyzed hydrolysis of N alpha-benzoyl-DL-arginine p-nitroanilide, tosyl arginine methyl ester and protein and was inhibited by the serine protease inhibitor PMSF and other well-known trypsin inhibitors. Greenland cod trypsin was more stable at alkaline pH than at acid pH; and was inactivated by relatively low thermal treatment. Like other trypsins, the enzyme was rich in potential acidic amino acid residues but poor in basic amino acid residues and had a molecular weight of 23,500; but it had less potential disulfide pairs, less alpha-helix and a lower H phi ave than other trypsins previously characterized. Reactions catalyzed by Greenland cod trypsin were not very responsive to temperature change, such that specific activity was relatively high at low reaction temperature.
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Steven FS, Griffin MM, Itzhaki GS, Al-Habib A. Inhibition properties of Sepharose-bound trypsin and a protease on the surface of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 660:333-40. [PMID: 6269636 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ehrlich ascites cells have been shown to possess a protease with beta-naphthylamidase activity located on the surface of these cells. This enzyme is protected from the inhibitory action of protein inhibitors of trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) in free solution, but is inhibited by high concentrations of active site-directed inhibitors of trypsin. We believe the protection against inhibition is provided by the location of this protease on the cell surface. We employed a model system of trypsin coupled to Sepharose to demonstrate the protective action of an inert surface, resulting in a marked reduction in inhibition of trypsin-Sepharose, compared to trypsin in free solution, when exposed to both high and low molecular weight inhibitors. This cell protease has been shown to play a role in activation of the zymogen of collagenase exported by tumour cells. This role may have important implications for tumour cell invasion of the intercellular matrix.
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Steven FS, Griffin MM, Itzhaki S, Al-Habib A. A trypsin-like neutral protease on Ehrlich ascites cell surfaces: its role in the activation of tumour-cell zymogen of collagenase. Br J Cancer 1980; 42:712-21. [PMID: 6257267 PMCID: PMC2010548 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1980.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ehrlich ascites cells in mice have been shown to have a cell-surface trypsin-like neutral protease (TLNP) with proteolytic and beta-naphthylamidase activity. This activity is inhibited by low-mol.-wt inhibitors of trypsin but not by 11 high-mol.-wt inhibitors of trypsin in free solution. We believe that lack of inhibition is due to protection given to the enzyme by the chemical environment of the cell surface. These cells were demonstrated to export a collagenase zymogen which has been shown to be activated by the cell-surface TLNP. When this protease was completely inhibited by low-mol.-wt inhibitors of trypsin, chymotrypsin was used to activate the collagenase zymogen exported by Ehrlich ascites cells. Examination of the products of collagenolysis at 15 degrees C demonstrated the expected 3/4- and 1/4-length alpha-chain fragments derived from monomeric collagen, confirming that collagenase was one of the enzymes responsible for lysis of the collagen fibrils in the test system.
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Steven FS, Podrazký V, Al-Habib A, Griffin MM. Biphasic kinetics of metal ion reactivation of trypsin-thiol complexes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 571:369-73. [PMID: 508772 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This report describes biphasic kinetic data obtained when trypsin was inhibited by a thiol-containing inhibitor present in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and then subjected to addition of Hg2+, Cu2+ or Ag+. This resulted in an initial re-activation of the trypsin, followed by inhibition of the enzyme with the addition of higher concentrations of these ions. The significance of these observations is 2-fold: (i) help to elucidate the mechanism of metal ion activation of latent enzymes, and (ii) also indicate that, in certain circumstances, the concentration of added metal ion determines whether the metal acts as an activator or an inhibitor of enzyme activity.
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