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Dalhoff A. Antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities of fluoroquinolones optimized for treatment of bacterial infections: a puzzling paradox or a logical consequence of their mode of action? Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:661-8. [PMID: 25515946 PMCID: PMC7087824 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence that commercially available fluoroquinolones used for the treatment of bacterial infections are active against other non-bacterial infectious agents as well. Any of these fluoroquinolones exerts, in parallel to its antibacterial action, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic actions at clinically achievable concentrations. This broad range of anti-infective activities is due to one common mode of action, i.e., the inhibition of type II topoisomerases or inhibition of viral helicases, thus maintaining the selective toxicity of fluoroquinolones inhibiting microbial topoisomerases at low concentrations but mammalian topoisomerases at much higher concentrations. Evidence suggests that standard doses of the fluoroquinolones studied are clinically effective against viral and parasitic infections, whereas higher doses administered topically were active against Candida spp. causing ophthalmological infections. Well-designed clinical studies should be performed to substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalhoff
- Institute for Infection Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Str. 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany,
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Zhang L, Kumar KV, Rasheed S, Geng RX, Zhou CH. Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Quinolone Imidazoles and Interactions with MRSA DNA. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 86:648-55. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Kannekanti Vijaya Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Syed Rasheed
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Rong-Xia Geng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality; Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
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Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CP) is a fluoroquinolone that is highly active against diverse microorganisms. At concentrations less than 1 µg/ml it is active against a diverse types of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillius subtilius, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, it has shown to be effective against other diseases such as malaria, cancer and AIDS. The extended antimicrobial activity, lack of plasmid-mediated resistance, large volume of distribution and minimal adverse effects of CP are therapeutically advantageous. In the pursuit of increasing their effectiveness against these diseases and prevent unwanted resistance, researchers have begun to synthesize a class of organic, inorganic and organometallic derivatives, which have displayed interesting activities. This review describes the development and recent advances on the evaluation of CP and its derivatives as a new class of drugs with potential for clinical development.
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Kwon YJ, Lee HM, Han SW, Lee DJ, Cho TS. Thermodynamic Investigation of the Formation of Complexes between Norfloxacin and Various Mononucleotides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.9.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wu Song G, Xia Cai Z. Studies on the Interaction of Enoxacin, Fe(III), and DNA by Spectral Methods. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120026421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jain A, Rajeswari MR. Preferential binding of quinolones to DNA with alternating G, C / A, T sequences: a spectroscopic study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2002; 20:291-9. [PMID: 12354080 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2002.10506844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The binding of quinolones, nalidixic acid (Nal), oxolinic acid (Oxo) with double stranded polynucleotides was undertaken by using UV-melting, UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence and CD spectroscopic techniques. The binding of Nal or Oxo to the polynucleotides under low-salt buffer conditions were determined for poly (dA).(dT), poly [d(A-T)], poly (dG).(dC), poly [d(G-C)] and E. coli DNA. The fluorescence data were analyzed using a previously established two step mechanism with two different DNA-Drug complexes [Rajeswari et al., Biochemistry 26, 6825-31 (1987)]. The first complex [DN](1) with a binding constant K(1), is formed where the interactions are 'nonspecific' and complex [DN](2) with a binding constant K(2), is formed where the interactions are "specific" which involve (additional) hydrophobic type of interactions like 'stacking' of the drug and the overall association constant is represented as K(=K(1)K(2)). The order of binding for Nal and Oxo is: poly [d(G-C)] > poly [d(A- T)] > E. coli > poly (dG).(dC) > poly (dA).(dT). Interaction of quinolones seems to be preferential in the alternating G, C or A, T stretches of DNA than those of non-alternating. Within any alternating or non-alternating in DNA sequences the G, C rich sequences have distinctly greater binding than A, T sequences. The overall association constant data (K) reveal higher binding of Oxo to DNA compared to Nal to any given polynucleotide investigated; which also explains the higher antibacterial potency of Oxo. Changes in the absorption difference spectra and in circular dichroic spectra also manifest these results. As the melting temperatures of the polynucleotides were only marginally raised in presence of the quinolone, we rule out the possibility of 'classical intercalation' of the drug. Amino group of guanine facilitates the binding of quinolones and therefore has the greater binding with the DNA. However, poly (dG).(dC) is known to exist in 'A' conformation which is not adopted by quinolones as in the case of poly (dA).(dT). Present results suggest that Nal or Oxo bind to DNA in a non-classical fashion which is partially stacking in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aklank Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi 110029, India
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Abstract
Molecular modeling and molecular dynamics were performed to investigate the interaction of norfloxacin with the DNA oligonucleotide 5'-d(ATACGTAT)(2). Eight quinolone-DNA binding structures were built by molecular modeling on the basis of experimental results. A 100ps molecular dynamics calculation was carried out on two groove binding models and six partially intercalating models. The resulting average structures were compared with each other and to free DNA structure as a reference. The favorable binding mode of norfloxacin to a DNA substrate was pursued by structural assess including steric hindrance, presence of hydrogen-bonding, non-bonding energies of the complex and presence of abnormal structural distortion. Although two of the intercalative models showed the highest binding energy and the lowest non-bonding interaction energy, they presented structural features which contrast with experimental results. On the other hand, one groove binding model demonstrated the most acceptable structure when the experimental observation was accounted. In this model, hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl and carboxyl group of the norfloxacin rings with the DNA bases was present, and norfloxacin binds to the amine group of the guanine base which protrudes toward the minor groove of B-DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyn Mee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk, 712-749 Republic of Korea
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Lee EJ, Yeo JA, Cho CB, Lee GJ, Han SW, Kim SK. Amine group of guanine enhances the binding of norfloxacin antibiotics to DNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2000; 267:6018-24. [PMID: 10998063 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The binding mode of norfloxacin, a quinolone antibacterial agent, in the synthetic polynucleotides poly[d(G-C)2], poly[d(I-C)2] and poly[d(A-T)2] was studied using polarized light spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and melting profiles. The absorption, circular and linear dichroism properties of norfloxacin are essentially the same for all the complexes, and the angle of electric transition dipole moment I and II of norfloxacin relative to the DNA helix axis is measured as 68-75 degrees for all complexes. These similarities indicate that the binding mode of norfloxacin is similar for all the polynucleotides. The decrease in the linear dichroism (LD) magnitude at 260 nm upon binding norfloxacin, which is strongest for the norfloxacin-poly[d(G-C)2] complex, and the identical melting temperature of poly[d(A-T)2] and poly[d(I-C)2] in the presence and absence of norfloxacin rule out the possibility of classic intercalation and minor groove binding. However, the characteristics of the fluorescence emission spectra of norfloxacin bound to poly[d(A-T)2] and to poly[d(I-C)2] are similar but are different to that of norfloxacin bound to poly[d(G-C)2]. As the amine group of the guanine base protrudes to the minor groove, this result strongly suggests that norfloxacin binds in the minor groove of B-form DNA in a nonclassic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Yeungnam University, Dae-dong, Kyoungsan City, Kyoung-buk, Republic of Korea
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Son GS, Yeo JA, Kim JM, Kim SK, Moon HR, Nam W. Base specific complex formation of norfloxacin with DNA. Biophys Chem 1998; 74:225-36. [PMID: 9779583 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(98)00178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the base specificity of the norfloxacin-DNA interaction by measuring the binding constant of norfloxacin to various synthetic polynucleotides, using the Stern-Volmer and the Benesi-Hildebrand methods. The equilibrium constants were largest for poly[d(G-C)2] and poly(dG).poly(dC), suggesting that norfloxacin binds preferentially to the G-C bases of calf thymus DNA. We also found that norfloxacin has a greater affinity for purine than for pyrimidine. The binding mode of norfloxacin to double-stranded polynucleotide was studied using circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD). When the norfloxacin was complexed to poly[d(G-C)2], poly(dG).poly(dC) and DNA, all of the complexes exhibited a similar weak, positive CD band and negative LD in the 300-350-nm region. A closer examination of the LD spectra suggests that the molecular plane of norfloxacin is near perpendicular relative to DNA helix axis that excludes the groove binding mode or surface binding of norfloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Son
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Yeungnam University, Kyoungsan City, South Korea
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Son GS, Yeo JA, Kim MS, Kim SK, Holmén A, Åkerman B, Nordén B. Binding Mode of Norfloxacin to Calf Thymus DNA. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9734049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Shen LL. Molecular mechanisms of DNA gyrase inhibition by quinolone antibacterials. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1994; 29A:285-304. [PMID: 7826863 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L L Shen
- Anti-infective Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Illinois 60064
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Abstract
Antibacterial quinolones are thought to inhibit DNA gyrase by trapping the enzyme as a complex with the DNA substrate. The precise molecular details of drug-DNA and drug-enzyme interactions remain controversial. Here, a model is proposed that accounts for the influence of magnesium ions on quinolone-DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Palumbo
- Dept of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Palù G, Valisena S, Ciarrocchi G, Gatto B, Palumbo M. Quinolone binding to DNA is mediated by magnesium ions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:9671-5. [PMID: 1409681 PMCID: PMC50194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of plasmid DNA to norfloxacin, a quinolone antibacterial agent, was investigated by fluorescence, electrophoretic DNA unwinding, and affinity chromatography techniques. The amount of quinolone bound to DNA was modulated by the concentration of Mg2+. No interaction was evident in the absence of Mg2+ or in the presence of an excess of Mg2+, whereas maximum binding was observed at a Mg2+ concentration of 1-2 mM. The experimental data can be fitted to the formation of three types of Mg adducts: a binary adduct with norfloxacin and Mg2+, a binary adduct with DNA and Mg2+, and a ternary adduct with quinolone, plasmid, and Mg2+. We propose a model for the ternary complex, in which Mg acts as a bridge between the phosphate groups of the nucleic acid and the carbonyl and carboxyl moieties of norfloxacin. Additional stabilization may arise from stacking interactions between the condensed rings of the drug and DNA bases (especially guanine and adenine), which may account for the preference exhibited by quinolones for single-stranded and purine-rich regions of nucleic acids. Other possible biochemical pathways of drug action are suggested by the observation that norfloxacin binds Mg2+ under conditions that are close to physiological.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palù
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Padova Medical School, Italy
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McQueen CA, Way BM, Queener SM, Schlüter G, Williams GM. Study of potential in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity in hepatocytes of quinolone antibiotics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1991; 111:255-62. [PMID: 1957311 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(91)90029-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genotoxicity of quinolone antibiotics has been evaluated in hepatocytes following in vitro and in vivo exposure. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was induced in vitro in rat hepatocytes by norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, and ciprofloxacin but not by nalidixic acid. In vivo UDS was not observed in hepatocytes isolated 4 to 24 hr after exposure of adult male F344 rats to either a single dose (30 to 190 mg/kg) or repeated doses (40 mg/kg) of ciprofloxacin. Using the 32P-postlabeling technique, no modified bases were detected in hepatocytes exposed in vitro to ciprofloxacin. In summary, UDS was induced in hepatocytes by in vitro exposure to high concentrations of norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. There was no evidence of in vitro DNA adduct formation by ciprofloxacin or in vivo DNA damage under the conditions tested. These findings suggest that ciprofloxacin is not DNA reactive, but it induces in vitro UDS as a consequence of some indirect action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A McQueen
- American Health Foundation, Valhalla, New York 10595
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Abstract
DNA gyrase is an essential bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent negative super-coiling of double-stranded closed-circular DNA. Gyrase belongs to a class of enzymes known as topoisomerases that are involved in the control of topological transitions of DNA. The mechanism by which gyrase is able to influence the topological state of DNA molecules is of inherent interest from an enzymological standpoint. In addition, much attention has been focused on DNA gyrase as the intracellular target of a number of antibacterial agents as a paradigm for other DNA topoisomerases. In this review we summarize the current knowledge concerning DNA gyrase by addressing a wide range of aspects of the study of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Reece
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, UK
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Valisena S, Palumbo M, Parolin C, Palú G, Meloni GA. Relevance of ionic effects on norfloxacin uptake by Escherichia coli. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40:431-6. [PMID: 2200406 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of the quinolone drug norfloxacin by Escherichia coli was investigated at initial rate kinetics at different pH and monovalent/divalent metal ion concentration. The results support a simple diffusion mechanism for quinolone incorporation into cells. The uptake process decreases under acidic conditions. The presence of Na+ or K+ ions does not affect the results to an appreciable extent, whereas divalent ions cause a dramatic decrease in drug incorporation. The antibacterial activity, evaluated under identical experimental conditions, shows a direct relationship with the uptake data. As a general explanation for the above results it is suggested that the ability of the drug to penetrate into cells is a function of its net charge. The molecule in the zwitterionic form exhibits maximum permeation properties, whereas the uptake is remarkably reduced when the drug bears a net charge as a result of ionization or complex formation with bivalent ions. These results allow further insight into the mechanism of quinolone access to the intracellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Valisena
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Padova Medical School, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Shen
- Anti-infective Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
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Cullen ME, Wyke AW, Kuroda R, Fisher LM. Cloning and characterization of a DNA gyrase A gene from Escherichia coli that confers clinical resistance to 4-quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33:886-94. [PMID: 2548439 PMCID: PMC284251 DOI: 10.1128/aac.33.6.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nalidixic acid, enoxacin, and other antibacterial 4-quinolones inhibit DNA gyrase activity by interrupting DNA breakage and reunion by A subunits of the A2B2 gyrase complex. Despite their clinical importance, the mode of quinolone action and mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood at the molecular level. Using a DNA fragment enrichment procedure, we isolated the gyrA gene from a uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain that encodes a gyrase A protein cross-resistant to a variety of quinolones. When complemented with gyrase B subunit, the purified A protein reconstituted DNA supercoiling activity approximately 100-fold more resistant to inhibition by enoxacin than the susceptible enzyme and failed to mediate quinolone-dependent DNA cleavage. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the gene differed at 58 nucleotide positions compared with the K-12 gyrA sequence. The 875-amino-acid residue-resistant gyrase A protein differed at three positions from its wild-type E. coli K-12 counterpart: tryptophan, glutamate, and serine replaced serine, aspartate, and alanine residues at positions 83, 678, and 828, respectively. By genetic analysis of chimeric gyrA genes in a gyrA(Ts) background, we showed that the Ser-83----Trp mutation in the gyrase A protein was solely responsible for high-level bacterial resistance to nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cullen
- Department of Biochemistry, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, United Kingdom
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Shen LL, Kohlbrenner WE, Weigl D, Baranowski J. Mechanism of quinolone inhibition of DNA gyrase. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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