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Rolle K, Schilling T, Westermeier F, Das S, Breu J, Fytas G. Large T g Shift in Hybrid Bragg Stacks through Interfacial Slowdown. Macromolecules 2021; 54:2551-2560. [PMID: 33814616 PMCID: PMC8016143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of glass transition under confinement frequently employ supported polymer thin films, which are known to exhibit different transition temperature T g close to and far from the interface. Various techniques can selectively probe interfaces, however, often at the expense of sample designs very specific to a single experiment. Here, we show how to translate results on confined thin film T g to a "nacre-mimetic" clay/polymer Bragg stack, where periodicity allows to limit and tune the number of polymer layers to either one or two. Exceptional lattice coherence multiplies signal manifold, allowing for interface studies with both standard T g and broadband dynamic measurements. For the monolayer, we not only observe a dramatic increase in T g (∼ 100 K) but also use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to probe platelet dynamics, originating from interfacial slowdown. This is confirmed from the bilayer, which comprises both "bulk-like" and clay/polymer interface contributions, as manifested in two distinct T g processes. Because the platelet dynamics of monolayers and bilayers are similar, while the segmental dynamics of the latter are found to be much faster, we conclude that XPCS is sensitive to the clay/polymer interface. Thus, large T g shifts can be engineered and studied once lattice spacing approaches interfacial layer dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rolle
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Theresa Schilling
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches
Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | - Sudatta Das
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - George Fytas
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
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2
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Becher M, Becker S, Hecht L, Vogel M. From Local to Diffusive Dynamics in Polymer Electrolytes: NMR Studies on Coupling of Polymer and Ion Dynamics across Length and Time Scales. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Becher
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Becker
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Hecht
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Vogel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Arya A, Saykar NG, Sharma AL. Impact of shape (nanofiller vs. nanorod) of TiO2
nanoparticle on free-standing solid polymeric separator for energy storage/conversion devices. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Arya
- Department of Physical Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Mansa Road, Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - Nilesh G. Saykar
- Department of Physical Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Mansa Road, Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
| | - A. L. Sharma
- Department of Physical Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Mansa Road, Bathinda 151001 Punjab India
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4
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Saadiah MA, Samsudin AS. Electrical study on Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Polyvinyl alcohol based bio-polymer blend electrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/342/1/012045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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5
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Sidebottom DL, Vu D. Assessing the network connectivity of modifier ions in metaphosphate glass melts: A dynamic light scattering study of Na-Zn mixtures. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:164503. [PMID: 27802655 DOI: 10.1063/1.4965815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photon correlation spectroscopy conducted on polymeric metaphosphate melts [NaPO3]1-y[Zn(PO3)2]y shows a systematic decrease in glass fragility as the more strongly bonding Zn cation replaces the more weakly bonding Na cation as a crosslinking agent between PO3 chains. This decrease is similar to that observed previously in Na-Al melts and the decrease in fragility for both systems is shown to be fully consistent with a recently reported universal pattern of fragility in network forming glasses as a function of network connectivity. Unique to the Na-Zn system is the appearance of an ultraslow relaxation in the dynamic structure factor (slower than the viscoelastic decay) that is not present in either Na-Al or Na-Li metaphosphate mixtures. This relaxation appears to originate from the diffusion of the Zn cation within the melt which is partially coupled to the oxide network. Taken together, these results underscore the need to distinguish between network-forming cations of high ionic bond strength that contribute to the connectivity of the oxide network and those of lower bond strength that do not contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Sidebottom
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
| | - D Vu
- Physics Department, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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6
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Fan F, Wang Y, Sokolov AP. Ionic Transport, Microphase Separation, and Polymer Relaxation in Poly(propylene glycol) and Lithium Perchlorate Mixtures. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, United States
| | - Alexei P. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831, United States
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7
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Yoshida K, Manabe H, Takahashi Y, Furukawa T. Correlation between ionic and molecular dynamics in the liquid state of polyethylene oxide/lithium perchlorate complexes. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.06.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Dzubiella J. Molecular Insights into the Ion-Specific Kinetics of Anionic Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:7098-103. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dzubiella
- Physics Department T37, Technical University Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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9
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Patel M, Menezes PV, Bhattacharyya AJ. Ion Transport in a Polymer−Plastic Solid Soft Matter Electrolyte in the Light of Solvent Dynamics and Ion Association. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:5233-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1009077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Patel
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Pramod V. Menezes
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Aninda J. Bhattacharyya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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10
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Costa LT, Ribeiro MCC. Molecular dynamics simulation of polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide) and ionic liquids. II. Dynamical properties. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:164901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2798759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Vogel M, Torbrügge T. Nonexponential polymer segmental motion in the presence and absence of ions: H2 NMR multitime correlation functions for polymer electrolytes poly(propylene glycol)-LiClO4. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:204902. [PMID: 17552795 DOI: 10.1063/1.2735621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors measure 2H NMR multitime correlation functions to investigate the segmental motion of poly(propylene glycol) containing various amounts of the salt LiClO4. 2H NMR two-time correlation functions indicate that addition of salt affects not only the time scale of the segmental motion, but also the degree of the nonexponential relaxation behavior. To quantify the origin of the nonexponential segmental motion, the authors analyze 2H NMR three-time correlation functions. In general, nonexponential relaxation can result from homogeneous dynamics, i.e., intrinsic nonexponentiality, and from heterogeneous dynamics, i.e., existence of a distribution of correlation times G(ln tau). For the studied high and low salt concentrations, including neat poly(propylene glycol), the analysis shows that both homogeneous and heterogeneous contributions are important. 2H NMR four-time correlation functions allow the authors to measure the lifetime of the dynamical heterogeneities. For the studied salt concentrations, the rate exchange occurs on the same time scale as the segmental motion, indicating short-lived dynamical heterogeneities. To arrive at these results, the authors reconsider the interpretation of (2)H NMR three-time correlation functions. Results of analytical calculations and computer simulations show that it is necessary to extend the previous way of analysis so as to include effects due to correlated back-and-forth jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vogel
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30/36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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12
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Vogel M, Torbrügge T. Ion and polymer dynamics in polymer electrolytes PPO–LiClO4.II. H2 and Li7 NMR stimulated-echo experiments. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:164910. [PMID: 17092142 DOI: 10.1063/1.2358990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We use 2H NMR stimulated-echo spectroscopy to measure two-time correlation functions characterizing the polymer segmental motion in polymer electrolytes PPO-LiClO4 near the glass transition temperature Tg. To investigate effects of the salt on the polymer dynamics, we compare results for different ether oxygen to lithium ratios, namely, 6:1, 15:1, 30:1, and infinity. For all compositions, we find nonexponential correlation functions, which can be described by a Kohlrausch function. The mean correlation times show quantitatively that an increase of the salt concentration results in a strong slowing down of the segmental motion. Consistently, for the high 6:1 salt concentration, a high apparent activation energy Ea=4.1 eV characterizes the temperature dependence of the mean correlation times at Tg<T<or approximately 1.1Tg, while smaller values Ea approximately 2.5 eV are observed for moderate salt contents. The correlation functions are most nonexponential for 15:1 PPO-LiClO4 whereas the stretching is reduced for higher and lower salt concentrations. This finding implies that the local environments of the polymer segments are most diverse for intermediate salt contents, and, hence, the spatial distribution of the salt is most heterogeneous. To study the mechanisms of the segmental reorientation, we exploit that the angular resolution of 2H NMR stimulated-echo experiments depends on the length of the evolution time tp. A similar dependence of the correlation functions on the value of tp in the presence and in the absence of ions indicates that addition of salt hardly affects the reorientational mechanism. For all compositions, mean jump angles of about 15 degrees characterize the segmental reorientation. In addition, comparison of results from 2H and 7Li NMR stimulated-echo experiments suggests a coupling of ion and polymer dynamics in 15:1 PPO-LiClO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vogel
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30/36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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13
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Vogel M, Torbrügge T. Ion and polymer dynamics in polymer electrolytes PPO-LiClO4. I. Insights from NMR line-shape analysis. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:054905. [PMID: 16942255 DOI: 10.1063/1.2217945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate ion and polymer dynamics in polymer electrolytes PPO-LiClO4 performing 2H and 7Li NMR line-shape analysis. Comparison of temperature dependent 7Li and 2H NMR spectra gives evidence for a coupling of ion and polymer dynamics. 2H NMR spectra for various salt concentrations reveal a strong slowdown of the polymer segmental motion when the salt content is increased. The 2H NMR line shape further indicates that the segmental motion is governed by dynamical heterogeneities. While the width of the distribution of correlation times G(log tau) is moderate for low and high salt content, an extremely broad distribution exists for an intermediate salt concentration of 15:1 PPO-LiClO4. For the latter composition, a weighted superposition of two spectral components, reflecting the fast and the slow polymer segments of the distribution, describes the 2H NMR line shape over a broad temperature range. Analysis of the temperature dependent relative intensity of both spectral components indicates the existence of a continuous rather than a discontinuous distribution G(log tau). Such continuous distribution is consistent with gradual fluctuations of the local salt concentration and, hence, of the local environments of the polymer segments, whereas it is at variance with the existence of large salt-depleted and salt-rich domains featuring fast and slow polymer dynamics, respectively. Finally, for all studied PPO-LiClO4 mixtures, the 2H NMR line shape strongly depends on the echo delay in the applied echo-pulse sequence, indicating that the structural relaxation of the polymer segments involves successive rotational jumps about small angles gamma < 20 degrees .
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vogel
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 30/36, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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14
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Carlsson P, Andersson D, Swenson J, McGreevy RL, Howells WS, Börjesson L. Structural investigations of polymer electrolyte poly(propylene oxide)-LiClO4 using diffraction experiments and reverse Monte Carlo simulation. J Chem Phys 2004; 121:12026-37. [PMID: 15634166 DOI: 10.1063/1.1815295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of an amorphous polymer electrolyte, poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) complexed with LiClO4, has been studied using reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations. The simulations require no force field but are based on experimental data only, in this case from x-ray and neutron diffraction experiments. Excellent agreement between the experimental data and the structures resulting from the RMC simulation is obtained. Samples with ether-oxygen to lithium concentrations (molar ratios) O:Li=16:1 and 5:1 were studied and compared to results of pure PPO from a previous study. We focus on the effects of the solvated salt on the structure of the polymer matrix, the spatial distribution of ions, and the correlations between the anions and the polymer chains. Analyzing the structures produced in the simulations, we find that for a concentration 16:1, the interchain distance is approximately the same as in pure PPO but more well defined. For a concentration 5:1, we find a larger and less well-defined interchain distance compared to the 16:1 concentration. This signifies that at the 16:1 salt concentration, there is enough free volume in the polymer host to accommodate the ions, and that the solvation of salt induces ordering of the polymer matrix. At the higher salt concentration 5:1, the polymer network must expand and become less ordered to host the ions. We also note, in accordance with previous studies, that the solvation of salt changes the conformation of the polymer chain towards more gauche states. The simulations furthermore reveal marked correlations between the polymer chains and the anions, which we suggest arise predominantly from an interaction mediated via cations, which can simultaneously coordinate both ether oxygens in the polymer chains and anions. Interanionic distances at 5 A, which are consistent with two or more anions being coordinated around the same cation, are also observed. On a larger scale, the RMC structure of PPO-LiClO4 16:1 clearly indicates the presence of salt-rich and salt-depleted domains having a length scale of <20 A. In view of such a heterogeneous structure of PPO-LiClO4 16:1, it is plausible that the increased ordering of the polymer matrix is due to rather well-defined structural arrangements within the salt-rich domains, and that the characteristic interchain distance in the salt-rich domains is similar to that of the pure polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Carlsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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15
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Zhang S, Runt J. Segmental Dynamics and Ionic Conduction in Poly(vinyl methyl ether)−Lithium Perchlorate Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2004; 108:6295-302. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0499777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - James Runt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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16
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Abstract
One mode of action of protectants in the storage of biological materials is by promoting the formation of a vitrified state on cooling or drying. In the case of preservation by drying, the glassy material comprises a low water content mixture of protectant and organic material. The protectant must on drying form a glassy state of glass transition temperature (T(g)) above the desired storage temperature. However, in some applications it must also be easily transported through cell membranes and this restricts the choice to a relatively limited number of small molecules, which typically exhibit very low glass transition temperatures. In this work we describe a self-polymerizing protectant comprising an inorganic salt and a small hydroxy functional molecule such as glycerol. This forms co-ordinate polymer chains of high T(g) on drying but rapidly depolymerizes into the original components on rehydration. The polymerization process is general for polyhydroxy compounds including glucose and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R MacFarlane
- Department of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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17
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Shilov V, Sperkach V, Sperkach Y, Strybulevych A. Acoustic Relaxation of Liquid Poly(tetramethylene oxide) with Hydroxyl and Acyl Terminal Groups. Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.34.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Furukawa T, Mukasa Y, Suzuki T, Kano K. Microphase separation and ion-conduction mechanisms in polypropylene oxide/lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.10123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Choi S, Kim JH, Kang YS. Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering Studies on the Structural Properties of Polymer Electrolytes Containing Silver Ions. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010927z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Choi
- Center for Facilitated Transport Membranes, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea
| | - Jong Hak Kim
- Center for Facilitated Transport Membranes, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Kang
- Center for Facilitated Transport Membranes, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea
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20
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Borodin O, Smith GD. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Poly(ethylene oxide)/LiI Melts. 1. Structural and Conformational Properties. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980838v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Borodin
- Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Grant D. Smith
- Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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21
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Ferry A, Furlani M, Franke A, Jacobsson P, Mellander BE. Spectroscopic studies of luminescent and ionically conducting Eu[N(CF3SO2)2]3-PPG4000 complexes. J Chem Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1063/1.476844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Carlsson P, Mattsson B, Swenson J, Börjesson L, Torell L, McGreevy R, Howells W. Intermediate range structural correlations in polymer electrolyte PPO–LiClO4 from neutron diffraction experiments and reverse Monte Carlo simulations. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)10051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Ferry A. Effects of dynamic spatial disorder on ionic transport properties in polymer electrolytes based on poly(propylene glycol)(4000). J Chem Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1063/1.475208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ferry
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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