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Osborne KJ, Kraus B, Lam PH, Vargas T, Mittal VA. Contingent Negative Variation Blunting and Psychomotor Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1144-1154. [PMID: 32221557 PMCID: PMC7505188 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The contingent negative variation (CNV) is an event-related potential that provides a neural index of psychomotor processes (eg, attention and motor planning) well known to be dysfunctional in schizophrenia. Although evidence suggests that CNV amplitude is blunted in patients with schizophrenia (SZ) compared to healthy controls (HCs), there is currently no meta-analytic evidence for the size of the effect. Further, it is unknown how CNV blunting compares to closely related measures of psychomotor dysfunction, such as reaction time slowing. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled effect size (ES) across 30 studies investigating CNV amplitude differences between patients and HCs (NSZ = 685, NHC = 714). Effect sizes for reaction time slowing across the studies were also quantified. Potential moderators, including sample characteristics and aspects of the CNV measurement, were examined. There was robust blunting of CNV activity in patients compared to HCs (ES = -0.79). The magnitude of this effect did not differ from reaction time slowing. Notably, CNV blunting in patients was significantly greater at central sites (ES = -0.87) compared to frontal sites (ES = -0.48). No other assessed methodological characteristics significantly moderated the magnitude of CNV differences. There is a large effect for CNV blunting in SZ that appears robust to potential confounds or methodological moderators. In addition, reduced CNV activity was statistically comparable to that of reaction time slowing. Blunting was the largest at central electrodes, which has been implicated in motor preparation. These findings speak to the complexity of psychomotor dysfunction in SZ and suggest significant promise for a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Kraus
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Phoebe H Lam
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Teresa Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute for Policy Research, Department of Medical Social Sciences, Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Sergent C, Faugeras F, Rohaut B, Perrin F, Valente M, Tallon-Baudry C, Cohen L, Naccache L. Multidimensional cognitive evaluation of patients with disorders of consciousness using EEG: A proof of concept study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 13:455-469. [PMID: 28116238 PMCID: PMC5233797 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of cognitive evoked potentials in EEG is now part of the routine evaluation of non-communicating patients with disorders of consciousness in several specialized medical centers around the world. They typically focus on one or two cognitive markers, such as the mismatch negativity or the P3 to global auditory regularity. However it has become clear that none of these markers in isolation is at the same time sufficiently specific and sufficiently sensitive to be taken as the unique gold standard for diagnosing consciousness. A good way forward would be to combine several cognitive markers within the same test to improve evaluation. Furthermore, given the diversity of lesions leading to disorders of consciousness, it is important not only to probe whether a patient is conscious or not, but also to establish a more general and nuanced profile of the residual cognitive capacities of each patient using a combination of markers. In the present study we built a unique EEG protocol that probed 8 dimensions of cognitive processing in a single 1.5 h session. This protocol probed variants of classical markers together with new markers of spatial attention, which has not yet been studied in these patients. The eight dimensions were: (1) own name recognition, (2) temporal attention, (3) spatial attention, (4) detection of spatial incongruence (5) motor planning, and (6,7,8) modulations of these effects by the global context, reflecting higher-level functions. This protocol was tested in 15 healthy control subjects and in 17 patients with various etiologies, among which 13 could be included in the analysis. The results in the control group allowed a validation and a specific description of the cognitive levels probed by each marker. At the single-subject level, this combined protocol allowed assessing the presence of both classical and newly introduced markers for each patient and control, and revealed that the combination of several markers increased diagnostic sensitivity. The presence of a high-level effect in any of the three tested domains distinguished between minimally conscious and vegetative patients, while the presence of low-level effects was similar in both groups. In summary, this study constitutes a validated proof of concept in favor of probing multiple cognitive dimensions to improve the evaluation of non-communicating patients. At a more conceptual level, this EEG tool can help achieve a better understanding of disorders of consciousness by exploring consciousness in its multiple cognitive facets. This new EEG protocol probes 8 cognitive functions within a single 1.5 h session. It allows a complete neuropsychological evaluation only based on brain activity. It increases sensitivity in detecting both low-level and high-level functions in patients. Only the high-level functions distinguish minimally conscious from vegetative states. Multidimensional EEG testing is feasible in patients and can improve evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Sergent
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes et Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR8242, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Faugeras
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier, Neurological Unit, Créteil, France; AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurophysiology, Paris, France; INSERM, U 1127, F-75013 Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, PICNIC Lab, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Rohaut
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, PICNIC Lab, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Perrin
- Auditory Cognition and Psychoacoustics Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (UCBL, CNRS UMR5292, Inserm U1028), Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Valente
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, PICNIC Lab, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Tallon-Baudry
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Paris, France
| | - Laurent Cohen
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, PICNIC Lab, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Naccache
- AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, PICNIC Lab, F-75013 Paris, France
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3
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Increased anticipatory contingent negative variation in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychol 2016; 117:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Li Z, Deng W, Liu X, Zheng Z, Li M, Li Y, Han Y, Ma X, Wang Q, Liu X, Li T. Contingent negative variation in patients with deficit schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder with psychotic features: measurement and correlation with clinical characteristics. Nord J Psychiatry 2015; 69:196-203. [PMID: 25263850 DOI: 10.3109/08039488.2014.959562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a highly heterogeneous disease. Event-related potentials have been regarded to establish intermediate phenotypes of schizophrenia. Our previous study found that patients with deficit schizophrenia (DS) are relatively homogeneous and show a significantly longer onset latency of contingent negative variation (CNV) expectancy wave. AIMS To further examine CNV in patients with first-episode and drug-naïve DS or bipolar I disorder (BP I) with psychotic features, and also investigate correlations between CNV and clinical characteristics in DS and BP I. METHOD We elicited a CNV using an alarm (S1)-imperative (S2) paradigm in 30 DS patients or 33 BP I with psychotic features as well as 40 healthy controls. RESULTS CNV amplitude was significantly smaller and reaction time significantly longer in the DS and BP I groups than in healthy controls. Post-imperative negative variation (PINV) interval was significantly shorter in the DS group than in healthy controls. The onset latency of CNV expectancy wave was significantly longer and PINV area significantly smaller in the DS group than in the other groups. In the DS group, CNV amplitude and PINV interval correlated negatively with the subscale of negative symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS); CNV amplitude also correlated negatively with disease duration. In the BP I group, CNV amplitude and reaction time showed no correlation with clinical features. CONCLUSIONS CNV amplitude is a common trait marker for psychosis. The onset latency of CNV expectancy wave appears to be a specific trait marker and may be used to identify candidate genes for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Zhe Li, M.D., The Mental Health Center and the Psychiatric Laboratory, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 , China
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The 3-second rule in hereditary pure cerebellar ataxia: a synchronized tapping study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118592. [PMID: 25706752 PMCID: PMC4337906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The '3-second rule' has been proposed based on miscellaneous observations that a time period of around 3 seconds constitutes the fundamental unit of time related to the neuro-cognitive machinery in normal humans. The aim of paper was to investigate the temporal processing in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) and SCA31, pure cerebellar types of spinocerebellar degeneration, using a synchronized tapping task. Seventeen SCA patients (11 SCA6, 6 SCA31) and 17 normal age-matched volunteers participated. The task required subjects to tap a keyboard in synchrony with sequences of auditory stimuli presented at fixed interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 200 and 4800 ms. In this task, the subjects required non-motor components to estimate the time of forthcoming tone in addition to motor components to tap. Normal subjects synchronized their taps to the presented tones at shorter ISIs, whereas as the ISI became longer, the normal subjects displayed greater latency between the tone and the tapping (transition zone). After the transition zone, normal subjects pressed the button delayed relative to the tone. On the other hand, SCA patients could not synchronize their tapping with the tone even at shorter ISIs, although they pressed the button delayed relative to the tone earlier than normal subjects did. The earliest time of delayed tapping appearance after the transition zone was 4800 ms in normal subjects but 1800 ms in SCA patients. The span of temporal integration in SCA patients is shortened compared to that in normal subjects. This could represent non-motor cerebellar dysfunction in SCA patients.
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Gevensleben H, Albrecht B, Lütcke H, Auer T, Dewiputri WI, Schweizer R, Moll G, Heinrich H, Rothenberger A. Neurofeedback of slow cortical potentials: neural mechanisms and feasibility of a placebo-controlled design in healthy adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:990. [PMID: 25566020 PMCID: PMC4263073 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate basic mechanisms underlying neurofeedback we investigated neural mechanisms of training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) by considering EEG- and fMRI. Additionally, we analyzed the feasibility of a double-blind, placebo-controlled design in NF research based on regulation performance during treatment sessions and self-assessment of the participants. Twenty healthy adults participated in 16 sessions of SCPs training: 9 participants received regular SCP training, 11 participants received sham feedback. At three time points (pre, intermediate, post) fMRI and EEG/ERP-measurements were conducted during a continuous performance test (CPT). Performance-data during the sessions (regulation performance) in the treatment group and the placebo group were analyzed. Analysis of EEG-activity revealed in the SCP group a strong enhancement of the CNV (electrode Cz) at the intermediate assessment, followed by a decrease back to baseline at the post-treatment assessment. In contrast, in the placebo group a continuous but smaller increase of the CNV could be obtained from pre to post assessment. The increase of the CNV in the SCP group at intermediate testing was superior to the enhancement in the placebo group. The changes of the CNV were accompanied by a continuous improvement in the test performance of the CPT from pre to intermediate to post assessment comparable in both groups. The change of the CNV in the SCP group is interpreted as an indicator of neural plasticity and efficiency while an increase of the CNV in the placebo group might reflect learning and improved timing due to the frequent task repetition. In the fMRI analysis evidence was obtained for neuronal plasticity. After regular SCP neurofeedback activation in the posterior parietal cortex decreased from the pre- to the intermediate measurement and increased again in the post measurement, inversely following the U-shaped increase and decrease of the tCNV EEG amplitude in the SCP-trained group. Furthermore, we found a localized increase of activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Analyses of the estimation of treatment assignment by the participants indicate feasibility of blinding. Participants could not assess treatment assignment confidently. Participants of the SCP-group improved regulation capability during treatment sessions (in contrast to the participants of the placebo-group), although regulation capability appeared to be instable, presumably due to diminished confidence in the training (SCP- or sham-training). Our results indicate that SCP training in healthy adults might lead to functional changes in neuronal circuits serving cognitive preparation even after a limited number of sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Gevensleben
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
| | - Björn Albrecht
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henry Lütcke
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, Germany ; Scientific IT Services, ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tibor Auer
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, Germany ; 3MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Wan Ilma Dewiputri
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Renate Schweizer
- Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH, MPI for Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunther Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Heinrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University Hospital of Erlangen Erlangen, Germany ; kbo-Heckscher-Klinikum Munich, Germany
| | - Aribert Rothenberger
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center (UMG) Göttingen, Germany
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Funderud I, Løvstad M, Lindgren M, Endestad T, Due-Tønnessen P, Meling TR, Knight RT, Solbakk AK. Preparatory attention after lesions to the lateral or orbital prefrontal cortex--an event-related potentials study. Brain Res 2013; 1527:174-88. [PMID: 23831520 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a central role in preparatory and anticipatory attentional processes. To investigate whether subregions of the PFC play differential roles in these processes we investigated the effect of focal lesions to either lateral prefrontal (lateral PFC; n=11) or orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; n=13) on the contingent negative variation (CNV), an electrophysiological index of preparatory brain processes. The CNV was studied using a Go/NoGo delayed response task where an auditory S1 signaled whether or not an upcoming visual S2 was a Go or a NoGo stimulus. Neither early (500-1000 ms) nor late (3200-3700 ms) phase Go trial CNV amplitude was reduced for any of the patient groups in comparison to controls. However, the lateral PFC group showed enhanced Go trial early CNV and reduced late CNV Go/NoGo differentiation. These data suggests that normal orienting and evaluation as reflected by the CNV is intact after OFC lesions. The enhanced early CNV after lateral PFC damage may be due to failure in inhibition and the reduced late CNV difference wave confirms a deficit in preparatory attention after damage to this frontal subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Funderud
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Division of Surgery and Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Norway.
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Aine CJ, Sanfratello L, Ranken D, Best E, MacArthur JA, Wallace T, Gilliam K, Donahue CH, Montaño R, Bryant JE, Scott A, Stephen JM. MEG-SIM: a web portal for testing MEG analysis methods using realistic simulated and empirical data. Neuroinformatics 2012; 10:141-58. [PMID: 22068921 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-011-9132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MEG and EEG measure electrophysiological activity in the brain with exquisite temporal resolution. Because of this unique strength relative to noninvasive hemodynamic-based measures (fMRI, PET), the complementary nature of hemodynamic and electrophysiological techniques is becoming more widely recognized (e.g., Human Connectome Project). However, the available analysis methods for solving the inverse problem for MEG and EEG have not been compared and standardized to the extent that they have for fMRI/PET. A number of factors, including the non-uniqueness of the solution to the inverse problem for MEG/EEG, have led to multiple analysis techniques which have not been tested on consistent datasets, making direct comparisons of techniques challenging (or impossible). Since each of the methods is known to have their own set of strengths and weaknesses, it would be beneficial to quantify them. Toward this end, we are announcing the establishment of a website containing an extensive series of realistic simulated data for testing purposes ( http://cobre.mrn.org/megsim/ ). Here, we present: 1) a brief overview of the basic types of inverse procedures; 2) the rationale and description of the testbed created; and 3) cases emphasizing functional connectivity (e.g., oscillatory activity) suitable for a wide assortment of analyses including independent component analysis (ICA), Granger Causality/Directed transfer function, and single-trial analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Aine
- Department of Radiology, MSC10 5530, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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9
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Stancak A, Johnstone J, Fallon N. Effects of motor response expectancy on cortical processing of noxious laser stimuli. Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:215-23. [PMID: 22026924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown pain reductions during motor cortex stimulation or voluntary movements. To shed more light on cortical changes associated with decreases in pain during heightened level of motor preparedness in absence of movement, we decided to analyse the effects of motor readiness on EEG laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) by manipulating the expectancy of motor responses. Noxious laser stimuli were administered to the right hand in absence of any movements during periods associated with either high or no expectancy of motor response (HMRE or NMRE, respectively). Subjects reported greater pain intensity during NMRE than HMRE trials. The N1 component of LEPs, peaking at 141 ms and generated in the contralateral operculo-insular cortex, was larger during HMRE than NMRE periods. The amplitude of the N1 component during NMRE correlated with pain intensity. The P2 component peaked earlier during HMRE (336 ± 30ms) than NMRE (356 ± 29 ms, P<0.05) condition and its amplitude showed statistically significant positive correlation with subjective pain intensity. Results suggest that pain reduction during high motor expectancy may be related to summation of effects of motor readiness and nociceptive processing in operculo-insular cortex. Subjective pain intensity appears to be formed at an early, sensory stage of processing of laser stimulus in the absence of motor task and only later, during the period in which multiple behavioural challenges are evaluated, if motor readiness is heightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Stancak
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Health, and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, United Kingdom.
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Lütcke H, Gevensleben H, Albrecht B, Frahm J. Brain Networks Involved in Early versus Late Response Anticipation and Their Relation to Conflict Processing. J Cogn Neurosci 2009; 21:2172-84. [PMID: 19016602 DOI: 10.1162/jocn.2008.21165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous electrophysiological studies have clearly identified separable neural events underlying early and late components of response anticipation. Functional neuroimaging studies, however, have so far failed to account for this separation. Here, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of an anticipation paradigm in 12 healthy adult subjects that reliably produced early and late expectancy waves in the electroencephalogram. We furthermore compared fMRI activations elicited during early and late anticipation to those associated with response conflict. Our results demonstrate the existence of distinct cortical and subcortical brain regions underlying early and late anticipation. Although late anticipatory behavior was associated with activations in dorsal ACC, frontal cortex, and thalamus, brain responses linked to the early expectancy wave were localized mainly in motor and premotor cortical areas as well as the caudate nucleus. Additionally, late anticipation was associated with increased activity in midbrain dopaminergic nuclei, very likely corresponding to the substantia nigra. Furthermore, whereas regions involved in late anticipation proved to be very similar to activations elicited by response conflict, this was not the case for early anticipation. The current study supports a distinction between early and late anticipatory processes, in line with a plethora of neurophysiological work, and for the first time describes the brain structures differentially involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lütcke
- 1Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Frahm
- 1Biomedizinische NMR Forschungs GmbH am Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
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Anticipatory activity in the human thalamus is predictive of reaction times. Neuroscience 2008; 155:1275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Gómez CM, Fernández A, Maestú F, Amo C, González-Rosa JJ, Vaquero E, Ortiz T. Task-specific sensory and motor preparatory activation revealed by contingent magnetic variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:59-68. [PMID: 15325413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present report studied the magnetic counterpart (CMV) of the auditory contingent negative variation (CNV). The ear where the target auditory stimulus would be presented was cued with a visual central arrow at a validity of 84%. The subject's behavioral response and the magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded. The central cue diminished reaction times (RTs) to the auditory target in the valid conditions with respect to the invalid conditions, indicating that the attentional manipulation was effective. The averaged magnetic field power during the preparatory period was significantly higher than baseline, suggesting the simultaneous presence of a magnetic counterpart of the electric CNV--the CMV. The field maps of the CMV grand averages showed two different and well-established periods: an early one with a magnetic field distribution that suggests a central source, and a late one with a field topography comparable to a low-intensity auditory-evoked field (M1). Single-dipole analysis of the preparatory phase in the subject's magnetic resonance images (MRI) demonstrated the presence of dipolar activity in the posterior cingulate (PCC) and posterior parietal cortices (PPC), superior temporal gyrus (STG) and motor cortices (MC). The lateralization of this activity depended on the orientation of the central cue. These results suggest that the action and perceptual-related areas needed to process the expected subsequent imperative task are recruited during the preparatory periods, influencing the behavioral RTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Gómez
- Departamento Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Avda. San Francisco Javier, s/n. Sevilla 41005, Spain.
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Nagai Y, Critchley HD, Featherstone E, Fenwick PBC, Trimble MR, Dolan RJ. Brain activity relating to the contingent negative variation: an fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2004; 21:1232-41. [PMID: 15050551 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Revised: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The contingent negative variation (CNV) is a long-latency electroencephalography (EEG) surface negative potential with cognitive and motor components, observed during response anticipation. CNV is an index of cortical arousal during orienting and attention, yet its functional neuroanatomical basis is poorly understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with simultaneous EEG and recording of galvanic skin response (GSR) to investigate CNV-related central neural activity and its relationship to peripheral autonomic arousal. In a group analysis, blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activity during the period of CNV generation was enhanced in thalamus, somatomotor cortex, bilateral midcingulate, supplementary motor, and insular cortices. Enhancement of CNV-related activity in anterior and midcingulate, SMA, and insular cortices was associated with decreases in peripheral sympathetic arousal. In a subset of subjects in whom we acquired simultaneous EEG and fMRI data, we observed activity in bilateral thalamus, anterior cingulate, and supplementary motor cortex that was modulated by trial-by-trial amplitude of CNV. These findings provide a likely functional neuroanatomical substrate for the CNV and demonstrate modulation of components of this neural circuitry by peripheral autonomic arousal. Moreover, these data suggest a mechanistic model whereby thalamocortical interactions regulate CNV amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagai
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Gómez CM, Marco J, Grau C. Preparatory visuo-motor cortical network of the contingent negative variation estimated by current density. Neuroimage 2003; 20:216-24. [PMID: 14527582 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present report studied the intracerebral current density of the contingent negative variation (CNV) during a visuo-manual task using the gap paradigm. The CNV is usually obtained during preparatory periods for perception and action. In this experiment right-hand responses were required. The CNV potential was obtained during the preparatory period from electrodes placed at 58 scalp sites. The CNV showed an early and a late phase. Scalp voltage and source current density maps showed that the early phase was focused on frontal midline sites. The late phase had two foci, one overlying the primary motor cortex and one over occipital sites. When analyzed by low-resolution tomography, the early phase of the CNV showed activations in the supplementary motor area (SMA), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and some posterior areas. The late phase had anterior activations in the left prefrontal cortex, middle frontal cortex, primary motor cortex, ACC, and SMA; and several posterior activations including those in the medial occipital cortex, middle inferior occipital cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporal and parietal areas. Results from the activated areas and their temporal dynamics during the preparatory period suggest that the ACC and the SMA areas recruit the action- and perception-related areas needed to process the expected subsequent imperative task.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gómez
- Psychobiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Sevilla, Spain
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Ioannides AA. Real time human brain function: observations and inferences from single trial analysis of magnetoencephalographic signals. CLINICAL EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY) 2001; 32:98-111. [PMID: 11512382 DOI: 10.1177/155005940103200304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper brings together results obtained by applying Magnetic Field Tomography (MFT) to the analysis of Magnetoencephalography (MEG) data over the last decade. It emphasizes the most recent developments where the availability of helmet-like MEG probes with well over 100 sensing coils provide a full coverage of the head. The paper shows that it is possible to extract tomographic information from single trial, millisecond by millisecond MEG signal, and demonstrates two ways that this capability can be exploited. First, the single trial reconstructions are used to obtain robust statistical measures of changes of activity over small latency windows. Second, the interaction between areas is studied by computing the mutual information between short, time-lagged sections of the single trial time-courses. The usefulness of the computationally demanding approach is demonstrated by analyzing experiments using two widely used protocols, one for face and affect recognition and the other for Contingent Magnetic Variation (CMV). The results show foci of significant changes of activity, which are consistent with what is reported in the literature and provide a deeper understanding of their significance. Some new, but not all that unexpected, findings also emerge from the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ioannides
- Laboratory for Human Brain Dynamics, Brain Science Institute (BSI), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Aine C, Huang M, Stephen J, Christner R. Multistart algorithms for MEG empirical data analysis reliably characterize locations and time courses of multiple sources. Neuroimage 2000; 12:159-72. [PMID: 10913322 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We applied our newly developed Multistart algorithm (M. Huang et al., 1998, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 108, 32-44) to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) somatosensory responses and low SNR visual data to demonstrate the reliability of this analysis tool for determining source locations and time courses of empirical multisource neuromagnetic data. This algorithm performs a downhill simplex search hundreds to thousands of times with multiple, randomly selected initial starting parameters from within the head volume, in order to avoid problems of local minima. Two subjects participated in two studies: (1) somatosensory (left and right median nerves were stimulated using a square wave pulse of 0.2 ms duration) and (2) visual (small black and white bull's-eye patterns were presented to central and peripheral locations in four quadrants of the visual field). One subject participated in both of the studies mentioned above and in a third study (i.e., simultaneous somatosensory/visual stimulation). The best-fitting solutions were tightly clustered in high SNR somatosensory data and all dominant regions of activity could be identified in some instances by using a single model order (e.g., six dipoles) applied to a single interval of time (e.g., 15-250 ms) that captured the entire somatosensory response. In low SNR visual data, solutions were obtained from several different model orders and time intervals in order to capture the dominant activity across the entire visual response (e.g. , 60-300 ms). Our results demonstrate that Multistart MEG analysis procedures can localize multiple regions of activity and characterize their time courses in a reliable fashion. Sources for visual data were determined by comparing results across several different models, each of which was based on hundreds to thousands of different fits to the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Aine
- Center for Functional Brain Imaging, VA Medical Center, 1501 San Pedro Drive SE, Building 49 (114M), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
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Dammers J, Ioannides AA. Neuromagnetic localization of CMV generators using incomplete and full-head biomagnetometer. Neuroimage 2000; 11:167-78. [PMID: 10694459 DOI: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contingent magnetic variation (CMV) data were recorded in three healthy male subjects using a 2 x 37 biomagnetometer system. The experiment was repeated for one of the subjects using a 151 whole-head biomagnetometer; the same auditory GO/NOGO choice reaction time paradigm as in the first experiment was used, extended to include repetitions of identical runs and additional control conditions. Magnetic field tomography was applied to the averaged data of each subject, for each run and condition (e.g., GO/NOGO). An independent estimate of the current density in the brain was obtained every few milliseconds. The slow components were emphasized by integrating the square of the current density vector, pixel by pixel, revealing in each subject activity in the auditory cortex, sensorimotor cortex, inferior prefrontal area, and posterior inferior parietal area. The intersubject variability was large, but looking across subjects the auditory and sensorimotor cortex (which were best covered by the two probes) were consistently identified in each subject as contributing to the generation of the early and late slow CMV components. These findings were confirmed by the whole-head single-subject experiment, in which slow activity was also identified in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), areas very likely missed in the first experiment because of the limited view of the twin system. The PCC and particularly the SMA activations were substantially reduced when identical runs were repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dammers
- Department of Physics, Institute of Medicine Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany
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Streit M, Ioannides AA, Liu L, Wölwer W, Dammers J, Gross J, Gaebel W, Müller-Gärtner HW. Neurophysiological correlates of the recognition of facial expressions of emotion as revealed by magnetoencephalography. BRAIN RESEARCH. COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 7:481-91. [PMID: 10076093 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MEG correlates of the recognition of facial expressions of emotion were studied in four healthy volunteers. Subjects performed a facial emotion recognition task and a control task involving recognition of complex objects including faces. Facial emotion recognition activated inferior frontal cortex, amygdala and different parts of temporal cortex in a relatively consistent time sequence. The characteristics of these activations were clearly different from those recorded during the control task. Most interesting was the fact that faces evoked different MEG responses as a function of task demands, i.e., the activations recorded during facial emotion recognition were different from those recorded during simple face recognition in the control task. These findings support the assumption that MEG is able to specifically identify the activation pattern of the brain when recognition of the emotional expression of a face is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Streit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Liu MJ, Fenwick PBC, Lumsden J, Lever C, Stephan KM, Ioannides AA. Averaged and single-trial analysis of cortical activation sequences in movement preparation, initiation, and inhibition. Hum Brain Mapp 1998; 4:254-64. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1996)4:4<254::aid-hbm3>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Rubia K, Overmeyer S, Taylor E, Brammer M, Williams S, Simmons A, Andrew C, Bullmore E. Prefrontal involvement in "temporal bridging" and timing movement. Neuropsychologia 1998; 36:1283-93. [PMID: 9863682 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(98)00038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain activity exclusively related to a temporal delay has rarely been investigated using modern brain imaging. In this study we exploited the temporal resolution of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterise, by sinusoidal regression analysis, differential neuroactivation patterns induced in healthy subjects by two sensorimotor synchronization tasks different in their premovement delay of either 0.6 s or 5 s. The short event rate condition required rhythmic tapping, while the long event rate condition required timing of intermittent movements. Left rostral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex, SMA and supramarginal gyrus demonstrated increased MR signal intensity during low frequency synchronization, suggesting that these brain regions form a distributed neural network for cognitive time management processes, such as time estimation and motor output timing. Medial frontal cortex showed a biphasic pattern of response during both synchronization conditions, presumably reflecting frequency-independent motor output related attention. As predicted, sensorimotor and visual association areas demonstrated increased MR signal intensity during high frequency synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK. @k.rubia.iop.bpmf.ac.uk
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Ioannides AA, Liu MJ, Liu LC, Bamidis PD, Hellstrand E, Stephan KM. Magnetic field tomography of cortical and deep processes: examples of "real-time mapping" of averaged and single trial MEG signals. Int J Psychophysiol 1995; 20:161-75. [PMID: 8788219 DOI: 10.1016/0167-8760(95)00031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field tomography (MFT) provides 3-dimensional estimates of brain activity, from non-contact, non-invasive measurements of the magnetic field generated by coherent electrical activity in the brain. MFT analysis of averaged auditory "odd-ball" data show cortical and deep activation, presumably from the amygdala and hippocampus. These results are compared with MFT estimates obtained from a patient who had undergone lobectomy which removed these structures. The variability from subject to subject is confounded by variability between trials for the same subject; the relationship between the averaged and single trials is probed by bi-hemispheric simultaneous measurements performed under the same odd-ball paradigm and by MFT analysis of auditory evoked data and interictal epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ioannides
- Department of Physics, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
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