Haemodynamic and metabolic effects of xamoterol in exercising dogs

Simultaneous assessment of cardiac output with pulsed Doppler and electromagnetic flowmeters during cardiac stimulation

The aim of this study was to test the accuracy of cardiac output assessment by Doppler and electromagnetic flowmetry in dogs during states of (1) marked enhancement in cardiac output, which was obtained by means of either isoprenaline infusion or treadmill exercise, or (2) reduction in cardiac output obtained by administration of phenylephrine. Additionally, in vitro comparisons were undertaken between Doppler and electromagnetic flow-probes and assessment of flow by direct volumetric measurement. These in vitro experiments showed a good correlation between timed volume collections and electromagnetic flow assessment up to high flow velocities. Doppler flow measurements underestimated the flow at high velocities. In both the resting dog and after phenylephrine, that is, at states with low heart rate and cardiac output, the waveforms of electromagnetic flow and Doppler velocity were similar for both phasic and mean flow, respectively. During states of cardiac stimulation Doppler flow showed a decrease in maximum velocity in the ascending aorta. Due to this decrease in peak flow velocity, mean Doppler blood flow did not increase despite of increased heart rate. This result cannot be explained on the basis of the deviation of Doppler measurements at high velocities in the in vitro experiments. Although our results are in contradiction with earlier studies, electromagnetic assessment seems to be more reliable in blood flow measurements in the ascending aorta. Hence, Doppler flow measurements should not be used uncritically for such quantitative flow assessment in large vessels as determination of cardiac output.