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Lohmann V, Jones GR, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. The thermodynamics and kinetics of depolymerization: what makes vinyl monomer regeneration feasible? Chem Sci 2024; 15:832-853. [PMID: 38239674 PMCID: PMC10793647 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization is potentially a highly advantageous method of recycling plastic waste which could move the world closer towards a truly circular polymer economy. However, depolymerization remains challenging for many polymers with all-carbon backbones. Fundamental understanding and consideration of both the kinetics and thermodynamics are essential in order to develop effective new depolymerization systems that could overcome this problem, as the feasibility of monomer generation can be drastically altered by tuning the reaction conditions. This perspective explores the underlying thermodynamics and kinetics governing radical depolymerization of addition polymers by revisiting pioneering work started in the mid-20th century and demonstrates its connection to exciting recent advances which report depolymerization reaching near-quantitative monomer regeneration at much lower temperatures than seen previously. Recent catalytic approaches to monomer regeneration are also explored, highlighting that this nascent chemistry could potentially revolutionize depolymerization-based polymer recycling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lohmann
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 399 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3152 Australia
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Young JB, Bowman JI, Eades CB, Wong AJ, Sumerlin BS. Photoassisted Radical Depolymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1390-1395. [PMID: 36469937 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled radical polymerization techniques enable the synthesis of polymers with predetermined molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and controlled architectures. Moreover, these polymerization approaches have been routinely shown to result in retained end-group functionality that can be reactivated to continue polymerization. However, reactivation of these end groups under conditions that instead promote depropagation is a viable route to initiate depolymerization and potentially enable closed-loop recycling from polymer to monomer. In this report, we investigate light as a trigger for thermal depolymerization of polymers prepared by reversible-addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. We study the role of irradiation wavelength by targeting the n → π* and π → π* electronic transitions of the thiocarbonylthio end-groups of RAFT-generated polymers to enhance depolymerization via terminal bond homolysis. Specifically, we explore depolymerization of polymers with trithiocarbonate, dithiocarbamate, and p-substituted dithiobenzoate end groups with the purpose of increasing depolymerization efficiency with light. As the wavelength decreases from the visible range to the UV range, the rate of depolymerization is dramatically increased. This method of photoassisted depolymerization allows up to 87% depolymerization efficiency within 1 h, results that may further the advancement of recyclable materials and life-cycle circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Young
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jared I Bowman
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Cabell B Eades
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Alexander J Wong
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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3
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Cederholm L, Wohlert J, Olsén P, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. “Like Recycles Like”: Selective Ring‐Closing Depolymerization of Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) to L‐Lactide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204531. [PMID: 35582840 PMCID: PMC9541399 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of poly(L‐lactic acid) to the cyclic monomer L‐lactide is hampered by low selectivity and by epimerization and elimination reactions, impeding its use on a large scale. The high number of side reactions originates from the high ceiling temperature (Tc) of L‐lactide, which necessitates high temperatures or multistep reactions to achieve recycling to L‐lactide. To circumvent this issue, we utilized the impact of solvent interactions on the monomer–polymer equilibrium to decrease the Tc of L‐lactide. Analyzing the observed Tc in different solvents in relation to their Hildebrand solubility parameter revealed a “like recycles like” relationship. The decreased Tc, obtained by selecting solvents that interact strongly with the monomer (dimethyl formamide or the green solvent γ‐valerolactone), allowed chemical recycling of high‐molecular‐weight poly(L‐lactic acid) directly to L‐lactide, within 1–4 h at 140 °C, with >95 % conversion and 98–99 % selectivity. Recycled L‐lactide was isolated and repolymerized with high control over molecular weight and dispersity, closing the polymer loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Cederholm
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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Cederholm L, Wohlert J, Olsén P, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. “Like Recycles Like”: Selective Ring‐Closing Depolymerization of Poly(L‐Lactic Acid) to L‐Lactide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Cederholm
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, WWSC Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 56–58 100 44 Stockholm Sweden
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Cong Y, Vatankhah-Varnosfaderani M, Karimkhani V, Keith AN, Leibfarth FA, Martinez MR, Matyjaszewski K, Sheiko SS. Understanding the Synthesis of Linear–Bottlebrush–Linear Block Copolymers: Toward Plastomers with Well-Defined Mechanical Properties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Cong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | | | - Vahid Karimkhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | - Andrew N. Keith
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
| | - Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3220, United States
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6
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Martinez MR, Cong Y, Sheiko SS, Matyjaszewski K. A Thermodynamic Roadmap for the Grafting-through Polymerization of PDMS 11MA. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1303-1309. [PMID: 35638616 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Grafting-through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to polymerize a sterically hindered poly(dimethylsiloxane) methacrylate (PDMS11MA, Mn = 1000) macromonomer to high conversion as a function of temperature, solvent, initial monomer concentration, and pressure. Higher polymerization yields were obtained when polymerizations were conducted at (i) lower temperature (T), (ii) in a poor solvent for the side chain, (iii) higher initial monomer concentration ([M]0), and (iv) higher pressure by mitigating the contribution of the equilibrium monomer concentration ([M]eq). The enthalpy of polymerization (ΔHp) and entropy of polymerization (ΔSp) were more negative in poor solvents. Polymerizations at ambient pressure required higher [M]0, use of a poor solvent, and lower temperatures to reach higher conversion with good control, whereas high pressure ATRP (HP-ATRP) displayed better control under dilute conditions. Grafting-through polymerization at high P and higher [M]0 was less controlled, plausibly due to limited solubility and mobility of the copper catalyst in the highly viscous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yidan Cong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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7
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Martinez MR, Krys P, Sheiko SS, Matyjaszewski K. Poor Solvents Improve Yield of Grafting-Through Radical Polymerization of OEO 19MA. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:674-679. [PMID: 35648572 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEO19MA, Mn ∼ 950) at an initial monomer concentration of 150 mM was investigated as a function of solvent composition. Conventional and controlled radical polymerizations in anisole at 60 °C converged at approximately the same equilibrium monomer concentration ([M]eq) of ∼38 mM, suggesting that livingness or diminished termination did not affect the thermodynamic parameters of polymerization. Conventional radical polymerizations (RPs) in anisole, dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene, and 1×PBS buffered water were taken to approximately 98% thermal initiator decomposition to determine [M]eq at reaction completion within a broad temperature range. The enthalpy (ΔHp) and entropy (ΔSp°) of polymerization were solvent-dependent. Polymerizations in 1×PBS were the most thermodynamically favorable, followed by those in DMF, toluene, and anisole. -ΔHp and -ΔSp increased with the square of the difference in the Hansen solubility parameters of poly(ethylene glycol) and the solvent. It is proposed that poor solvents favor polymer-polymer interactions over polymer-solvent interactions, which improves the thermodynamic polymerizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Pawel Krys
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Li Y, Knauss DM. Sequential Bulk Anionic Polymerization of α-Methylstyrene and Isoprene to Form Diblock and Triblock Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Daniel M. Knauss
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado School of Mines; Golden CO 80401 USA
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Kobayashi S, Kataoka H, Goseki R, Ishizone T. Living Anionic Polymerization of 4-(1-Adamantyl)-α-Methylstyrene. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kobayashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Raita Goseki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Takashi Ishizone
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; School of Materials and Chemical Technology; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-S1-13 Ohokayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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10
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Wang W, Hutchinson RA. Free-Radical Acrylic Polymerization Kinetics at Elevated Temperatures. Chem Eng Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Wang W, Hutchinson RA, Grady MC. Study of Butyl Methacrylate Depropagation Behavior Using Batch Experiments in Combination with Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Michael C. Grady
- Central Research and Development, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19880
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12
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Ishitake K, Satoh K, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y. Stereogradient Polymers Formed by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Bulky Methacrylate Monomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1991-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Ishitake K, Satoh K, Kamigaito M, Okamoto Y. Stereogradient Polymers Formed by Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Bulky Methacrylate Monomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Bosworth JK, Paik MY, Ruiz R, Schwartz EL, Huang JQ, Ko AW, Smilgies DM, Black CT, Ober CK. Control of self-assembly of lithographically patternable block copolymer films. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1396-1402. [PMID: 19206307 DOI: 10.1021/nn8001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly(alpha-methylstyrene)-block-poly(4-hydroxystyrene) acts as both a lithographic deep UV photoresist and a self-assembling material, making it ideal for patterning simultaneously by both top-down and bottom-up fabrication methods. Solvent vapor annealing improves the quality of the self-assembled patterns in this material without compromising its ability to function as a photoresist. The choice of solvent used for annealing allows for control of the self-assembled pattern morphology. Annealing in a nonselective solvent (tetrahydrofuran) results in parallel orientation of cylindrical domains, while a selective solvent (acetone) leads to formation of a trapped spherical morphology. Finally, we have self-assembled both cylindrical and spherical phases within lithographically patterned features, demonstrating the ability to precisely control ordering. Observing the time evolution of switching from cylindrical to spherical morphology within these features provides clues to the mechanism of ordering by selective solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Bosworth
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Leonard J, Malhotra SL. Polymerization of α-Methylstyrene at High Temperatures in Tetrahydrof uran with Potassium as Initiator. I. Thermodynamic Study and Gel-Permeation Chromatographic Analyses of the Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222337608060755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ishizone T, Ohnuma K, Okazawa Y, Hirao A, Nakahama S. Anionic Polymerization of Monomers Containing Functional Groups. 12. Anionic Equilibrium Polymerization of 4-Cyano-α-methylstyrene. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971822s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ishizone
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohnuma
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Yukiko Okazawa
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Akira Hirao
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
| | - Seiichi Nakahama
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ohokayama, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
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Sarkar Das S, Ploplis Andrews A, Greer SC. Living poly(α‐methylstyrene) near the polymerization line. IV. Extent of polymerization as a function of temperature. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.468603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rempp P, Lutz P, Franta E. Applications of Anionic Polymerization to Macromolecular Engineering. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10601329409349768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hamdouni A, Léonard J, Bui VT. Modeling Vapor Pressure Data of Ternary α-Methylstyrene–Toluene–Poly(α-methylstyrene) System. Polym J 1991. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.23.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Bui VT, Léonard J. Survey of the Solvent Effect on Equilibrium Polymerization: The Case of 1,3-Dioxolan. Polym J 1989. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.21.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lutz P, Franta E, Rempp P. An efficient bifunctional lithium-organic initiator to be used in apolar solvents. POLYMER 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(82)90223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cunningham RE. Equilibrium monomer concentration for the anionic polymerization of α-methylstyrene in cyclohexane. POLYMER 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(78)90132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Léonard J, Malhotra SL. Polymerization of α-Methylstyrene in Tetrahydrofuran with Potassium as Initiator. II. Gel-Permeation Chromatographic Analyses of Polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1080/00222337708061339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Samotsvetov A, Kirchevskaya I, Grigor'eva L, Shatalov V. Polymerization of α-methylstyrene initiated by secondary C4H9Li in cyclohexane solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3950(73)90422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sawada H. Thermodynamics of Polymerization. IV. Thermodynamics of Equilibrium Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1972. [DOI: 10.1080/15321797208068172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Beevers M, Semlyen J. Equilibrium ring concentrations and the statistical conformations of polymer chains: Part 5. Stereoisomeric cyclics in poly (phenylmethylsiloxane) equilibrates. POLYMER 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(71)90017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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