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Kuhlmann C, Shelley JT, Engelhard C. Plasma-Based Ambient Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Liquid Crystals Employed in Display Devices. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2101-2113. [PMID: 31385257 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are the most frequently used display technology worldwide these days. Due to the rather complex manufacturing process and purity requirements for the chemicals used, quality control and display failure analysis are important analytical tasks. Currently, the state-of-the-art techniques (e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), or high-resolution microscopy) are costly and time-consuming. Hence, a new pathway to precisely analyze liquid-crystalline materials and LCDs in their native state is reported. A new approach for direct analysis via plasma-based ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS) offers an inexpensive and faster alternative. In this study, direct analysis in real time (DART), the low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe, and flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) ADI sources coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) are compared based on their capabilities and performance for liquid-crystal analysis. These sources enable direct analyte desorption from a sample surface at ambient conditions and ionize the vaporized analyte molecules in a subsequent step. Primarily, the ionization capabilities of the three ADI sources are compared for individual liquid-crystal standards, mixtures of liquid crystals (LCs), and complex liquid crystal/additive mixtures applied in commercially available LCDs. Furthermore, direct surface analysis from a glass substrate is also performed with ADI-MS to compare their applicability to this type of sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kuhlmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jacob T Shelley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, 1175 Risman Drive, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Carsten Engelhard
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany.
- Center for Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076, Siegen, Germany.
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Chemical Ionization. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54398-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Shelley JT, Wiley JS, Chan GCY, Schilling GD, Ray SJ, Hieftje GM. Characterization of direct-current atmospheric-pressure discharges useful for ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:837-844. [PMID: 19185515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two relatively new ambient ionization sources, direct analysis in real time (DART) and the flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA), use direct current, atmospheric-pressure discharges to produce reagent ions for the direct ionization of a sample. Although at a first glance these two sources appear similar, a fundamental study reveals otherwise. Specifically, DART was found to operate with a corona-to-glow transition (C-G) discharge whereas the FAPA was found to operate with a glow-to-arc transition (G-A) discharge. The characteristics of both discharges were evaluated on the basis of four factors: reagent-ion production, response to a model analyte (ferrocene), infrared (IR) thermography of the gas used for desorption and ionization, and spatial emission characteristics. The G-A discharge produced a greater abundance and a wider variety of reagent ions than the C-G discharge. In addition, the discharges yielded different adducts and signal strengths for ferrocene. It was also found that the gas exiting the discharge chamber reached a maximum of 235 degrees C and 55 degrees C for the G-A and C-G discharges, respectively. Finally, spatially resolved emission maps of both discharges showed clear differences for N(2)(+) and O(I). These findings demonstrate that the discharges used by FAPA and DART are fundamentally different and should have different optimal applications for ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Shelley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Perazzolli C, Mancini I, Guella G. Benzene-assisted atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization: a new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approach to the analysis of selected hydrophobic compounds. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:461-469. [PMID: 15655797 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Charge-exchange reactions involving benzene have been successfully exploited to increase the sensitivity of atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) towards hydrophobic compounds of significant environmental relevance which are not detectable with the ordinary APCI techniques. Among them, good sensitivity have been found for (a) highly chlorinated biphenyl derivatives such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE); (b) cyclopentadienes such as Aldrin and its epoxy derivatives Dieldrin and Endrin; and (c) dibenzofurans and dibenzo-para-dioxins such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCDF) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-para-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). The reactant benzene molecules were introduced into the source either through the nebulizer gas or by direct post-column addition of neat liquid, whereas the targeted compounds were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) RP-18 column using methanol/water solutions as mobile phase. By using benzene as post-column reagent, positive ion mode detection was proven to be significantly enhanced as compared with APCI measurements carried out without benzene assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perazzolli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioorganica, Università di Trento, 38050 Via Sommarive 14, Povo-Trento, Italy
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Hearn JD, Smith GD. A Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Method for the Online Analysis of Organic Aerosols. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2820-6. [PMID: 15144193 DOI: 10.1021/ac049948s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new technique employing chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) is described that allows the composition of organic particles to be determined on the time scale of seconds. With this Aerosol CIMS technique, particles are vaporized thermally at temperatures up to 480 degrees C, and the resulting vapor is chemically ionized and detected with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The separation of the vaporization and ionization steps allows greater control and more flexibility for the detection of condensed phases than with other chemical ionization methods. Consequently, composition can be correlated to volatility, providing an additional dimension of information. The use of a variety of positive and negative reagent ions, such as H(+)(H(2)O)(2), H(+)(CH(3)OH)(2), NO(+), O(2)(+), O(2)(-), F(-), and SF(6)(-), offers flexibility in the detection sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the degree of fragmentation of the resulting ion can be controlled, providing more straightforward identification and quantification than with other commonly used methods, such as electron impact ionization. Examples are given of the detection of aerosols consisting of organics with various functionalities, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Applications of this technique to laboratory studies of atmospherically relevant aerosol reactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Hearn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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Ferguson AM, Gwyn SA, Pannell LK, Wright GJ. Defocused metastable scanning with a mass spectrometer and laboratory data system. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac50009a051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hatch F, Munson B. Techniques in gas chromatography/chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac50009a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Macha SF, McCarley TD, Limbach PA. Influence of ionization energy on charge-transfer ionization in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Dearth MA, Asano KG, Hart KJ, Buchanan MV, Goeringer DE, McLuckey SA. Nitric Oxide Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Automotive Exhaust Constituents. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970841x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Dearth
- Scientific Research Laboratory, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan 48121-2053
| | - Keiji G. Asano
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6365
| | - Kevin J. Hart
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6365
| | - Michelle V. Buchanan
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6365
| | - Douglas E. Goeringer
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6365
| | - Scott A. McLuckey
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6365
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Stry JJ, Garvey JF. Generation of C59O− via collision induced dissociation of oxy-fullerene anions. Chem Phys Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(95)00831-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carazzato D, Bertrand MJ. Characterization of a glow discharge ion source for the mass spectrometric analysis of organic compounds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 5:305-315. [PMID: 24222568 DOI: 10.1016/1044-0305(94)85021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/1993] [Revised: 12/08/1993] [Accepted: 12/08/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A glow discharge ion source has been constructed for the mass spectrometric analysis of organic compounds. Characterization of the source has been made by studying the effect of pressure and discharge current on ionic distributions by anodic ion sampling along the discharge axis. Ion and electron densities and electronic temperatures have been calculated by using the single Langmuir probe technique to correlate the extraction efficiency with measured ion distributions and gain some insight into the ionization of organic molecules. The spectra obtained for several classes of organic compounds show that formation of parent-molecular ions by proton transfer, resulting partly from the background water molecules, is a major low energy process while charge transfer, Penning ionization, and electron ionization ace probably responsible for the fragmentation observed. The spectra result from the simultaneous occurrence of high and low energy reactions, and their structural information content is very high, yielding both molecular and extensive fragment ion information. The glow discharge ion source has proved to be essentially maintenance-free, easy to operate, stable, and can be used at reasonable mass resolution (up to 70001. The source also provides picogram range detection limits and has a linear response range of about six orders of magnitude, which makes it an interesting ion source for routine analysis. Preliminary work conducted with chromatographic interfaces indicates that its use can be easily extended to both gas and liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carazzato
- Regional Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, H3C 3J7, Montréal, Station A, Canada
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Lange C. Oxirane as a chemical ionization gas: Reactivity towards different classes of compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210281102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vairamanp M, Rajeev MS, Rao GKV. Acetone chemical ionization studies part V: Formation of (phenol + acetone)+· under chemical ionizationt. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210270115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Daishima S, Lida Y, Kanda F. Evaluation of nitric oxide chemical ionization mass spectra of substituted benzenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210260521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lange C, Basselier JJ, Bagneres AG, Escoubas P, Lemaire M, Lenoir A, Clement JL, Bonavita-Cougourdan A, Trabalon M, Campan M. Strategy for the analysis of cuticular hydrocarbon waxes from insects using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with electron impact and chemical ionization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200180924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tabet JC, Einhorn J, Guilhaust M, Gregor IK, Audier HE, Tabet JC, Hammerum S, Ingemann S, Nibbering NMM, Dillow GW, Gregor IK. Letter to the editor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Holtzclaw JR, Wyatt JR, Campana JE. Structure and fragmentation of dimethyl methylphosphonate and trimethyl phosphite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Munson B, Jelus BL, Hatch F, Morgan TK, Murray RK. Stereochemical effects in the mass spectra of 2-hydroxy-, 5-hydroxy- and 2,5-dihydroxyprotoadamantanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210150313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mather R, Todd J. Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry: A survey of instrument technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-7381(79)80040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Miller S, Jelus B, Smith J, Munson B, Brill T. The synthesis and mass spectra of triaryl-gallium and -indium compounds. J Organomet Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)83186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Spectroscopic analysis of the solid state structures of the arylgallium halides, (C6H5)nGaX3−n (X Cl, Br, I). J Organomet Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)82546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Richter WJ, Schwarz H. Chemische Ionisation—ein stark Bedeutung gewinnendes massenspektrometrisches Analysenverfahren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19780900608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Maquestiau A, Van Haverbeke Y, De Meyer C, Flammang R. Dissociations Induites par Collisions d'Ions Générés par Echange de Charges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210130408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jelus BL, Dalrymple DL, Michnowicz J, Munson B. Chemical ionization mass spectra of some 2-norbornyl derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210130309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Weinkam RJ, Gal J. Hydrolysis, methanolysis and ammonolysis of dicarboxylic acids and methyl esters under conditions of chemical ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210110216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Synthesis and structural characterization of the arylindium halides, (C6H5)nInX3−n (X = Cl, Br, I). J Organomet Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)86415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A Comparison of Some Mass Spectrometric Ionization Techniques Using Samples of Morphine and Illegal Heroin. J Forensic Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs10283j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jelus BL, Munson B, Fenselau C. Reagent gases for G.C.-M.S. analyses. BIOMEDICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1974; 1:96-102. [PMID: 4373100 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Billets S, Jaffe HH, Kaplan F. Gas phase studies of N-nitrosamines by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1973. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210070407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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