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Zou J, Yao B, Yan S, Song W. Determination of trace organic contaminants by a novel mixed-mode online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119112. [PMID: 35271954 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel mixed-mode online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed to recover miscellaneous trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) from environmental water samples. Six kinds of sorbents, including C18 substances, hypercross-linked polymers (2), cation-exchange resins, anion-exchange resins, and graphitized nonporous carbons, were packed into a single online SPE cartridge. Furthermore, a fully automated analytic method was established by coupling this mixed-mode online SPE with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (online SPE-LC-MS/MS). Sixty-nine TrOCs with diverse properties were selected to examine the performance of this mixed-mode SPE cartridge in comparison with solo-mode online SPE cartridges. The method quantification limit (MQL) and the relative recovery coefficient of TrOCs in diverse water matrices, including groundwater, surface water and sewage effluent were evaluated. The MQL of most TrOCs was lower than 10 ng L-1. The relative recovery coefficients for most TrOCs in the groundwater (50/69) and surface water (38/69) matrix fit in the satisfactory range. Moreover, mixed-mode online SPE coupled with LC-high-resolution MS was applied for a suspect screening of TrOCs in sewage effluents. A series of highly polar TrOCs that had scarcely been reported by previous studies were identified by this practical and easily accessible method. Finally, this novel mixed-mode online SPE with LC-MS/MS method was applied to quantify the TrOCs in the environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Bo Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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2
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Maddah B, Soltaninezhad M, Adib K, Hasanzadeh M. Activated carbon nanofiber produced from electrospun PAN nanofiber as a solid phase extraction sorbent for the preconcentration of organophosphorus pesticides. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1221432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Korosh Adib
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hasanzadeh
- Faculty of Engineering, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Research Center, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
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Tsizin GI, Statkus MA, Zolotov YA. Adsorption and extraction preconcentration of trace components in flow analytical systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Maddah B, Javadi SS, Mirzaei A, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M. Application of Electrospun Polystyrene Nanofibers as Solid Phase Extraction Sorbent for the Preconcentration of Diazinon and Fenitrothion in Environmental Waters. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.896820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akbar Mirzaei
- a Department of Chemistry , Imam Hossein University , Tehran , Iran
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5
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Pan J, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Li G. Review of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 815:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Dispersive microextraction based on magnetic polypyrrole nanowires for the fast determination of pesticide residues in beverage and environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:4765-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Kemmei T, Kodama S, Fujishima H, Yamamoto A, Inoue Y, Hayakawa K. Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in sea water by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:54-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Niu HY, Cai YQ, Shi YL, Wei FS, Liu JM, Jiang GB. A new solid-phase extraction disk based on a sheet of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:927-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Raman Suri C, Kaur J, Gandhi S, Shekhawat GS. Label-free ultra-sensitive detection of atrazine based on nanomechanics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:235502. [PMID: 21825795 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/23/235502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The alarming increase in the amount of dangerous pesticides such as atrazine in agricultural fields and drinking water is driving the growth of new technologies to detect these toxins well below their threat level. The recent elucidation of microcantilever nanomechanical bending in response to chemical and biomolecular interactions has added another significant facet to biochemical engineering research and has fostered the development of a variety of signal detection paradigms, at both the microscale and the nanoscale. We report the label-free detection of highly specific atrazine antibody-antigen interactions at the nanometer scale on microcantilevers, with 1 ppt (past per trillion) sensitivity. The chemical interaction-induced deflection of the cantilever beam reflects the interplay between the strain energy increase of the cantilever and the free energy reduction of the reaction, providing a unique system for investigating the connection between the nanomechanics and the chemistry of antibody-antigen interaction at picomolar concentration with nanometer resolution. Cantilevers were functionalized with highly specific and site-directed anti-atrazine antibodies and exposed to target antigen over a wide range of concentration from 4.65 pM to 46.5 µM of varying sequence in static and flow conditions. Antibody-antigen interaction of atrazine with the specific antibody resulted in net negative deflection of the cantilever. The results show that high specificity and site-directed antibody immobilization lead to ultra-high sensitivity detection of atrazine. The measurements provide results within minutes at the picomolar level, and exhibit high target specificity. This qualifies the technology as a rapid method to validate organic toxins and its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Raman Suri
- Institute for Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
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11
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Analysis of Emerging Contaminants of Municipal and Industrial Origin. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74795-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Kaur J, Singh KV, Boro R, Thampi KR, Raje M, Varshney GC, Suri CR. Immunochromatographic dipstick assay format using gold nanoparticles labeled protein-hapten conjugate for the detection of atrazine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:5028-36. [PMID: 17711219 DOI: 10.1021/es070194j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a lateral-flow-based dipstick immunoassay format using a novel hapten-protein-gold conjugate for the rapid screening of atrazine in water samples. The immunoassay is based on the competitive inhibition, in which a newly developed hapten-protein-gold conjugate competes with the free antigen present in the sample, for the limited antibody binding sites available at test zone on dipstick membrane, housed in a plastic cartridge. The tracer used as the detection reagent was prepared by first conjugating hapten (a derivative of atrazine) molecules to a carrier protein (bovine serum albumin) via its surface lysine residues and then linking colloidal gold nanoparticles to the hapten-protein conjugate via cysteine residues of the carrier protein. The developed conjugate showed a high level of stability as it did not show any significant loss of activity even after 8 weeks of storage at ambient conditions. The color developed due to conjugate, based on competitive inhibition approach, is correlated with the concentration of atrazine sample. The sensitivity of the developed dipstick was enhanced by gold nanoparticles, as an amplification tag, presenting detection limit of atrazine in standard water samples down to 1.0 ppb level. The kit could serve as a rapid screening methodology for visual screening of atrazine contamination of water samples within 5 min of analysis time, and, when coupled with a portable colorimeter, as an inexpensive semi-quantitative assay. The method reported can be useful for screening a large number of pesticides samples in a very short time in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Kaur
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
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Soriano JM, Jiménez B, Moltó JC, Font G. BEHAVIOUR OF GRAPHITIZED CARBON BLACK IN THE EXTRACTION OF POLAR NON-IONIC NITROGEN-CONTAINING PESTICIDES. A CHECKING OF HYPOTHESES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Soriano
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 , Spain
| | - B. Jiménez
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 , Spain
| | - J. C. Moltó
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 , Spain
| | - G. Font
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 , Spain
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Mazzella N, Dubernet JF, Delmas F. Determination of kinetic and equilibrium regimes in the operation of polar organic chemical integrative samplers. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:42-51. [PMID: 17439817 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This work set out the laboratory calibration of the passive samplers such as polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCISs) which preconcentrate hydrophilic organic contaminants in aqueous medium. We compared the two different configurations available (i.e. pesticide and pharmaceutical POCISs) for sampling different classes of herbicides representative of a wide range of polarity (5.34>of=log Kow>or=-1.70). The results showed that pharmaceutical configuration was probably more convenient for sampling basic, neutral or acidic herbicides. Afterward, we performed a kinetic study with the pharmaceutical POCIS only. This calibration revealed linear and integrative uptakes of several herbicides for 21 days. For some compounds like sulcotrione, mesotrione, deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and deethylatrazine (DEA), the linear uptake model was only valid for 10 days. Lastly, we observed an increase of the sampling rates with the hydrophobicity of the herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Mazzella
- Unité de Recherche REBX, Groupement CEMAGREF de Bordeaux, 50 Avenue de Verdun, Gazinet, 33612 Cestas Cedex, France.
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15
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Michel M, Buszewski B. HPLC DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE ISOLATED FROM FOOD MATRICES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120014004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Michel
- a Field Experimental Station in Torun , Pesticide Residue Laboratory , Plant Protection Institute in Poznan , 73 Zwirki i Wigury St., Torun, 87-100, Poland
| | - Boguslaw Buszewski
- b Department of Environmental Chemistry and Ecoanalytics , Faculty of Chemistry , Nicholaus Copernicus University , 7 Gagarin St., Torun, 87-100, Poland
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Oliferova LA, Statkus MA, Tsisin GI, Wang J, Zolotov YA. On-line coupling of sorption preconcentration to liquid-chromatographic methods of analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Villagrasa M, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Environmental analysis of fluorinated alkyl substances by liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:953-72. [PMID: 16710693 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated alkyl substances (FASs) are widely distributed contaminants that have been found in many environmental, human and biological samples throughout the world. Perfluorochemicals are used in many industry and consumer products, such as polymers and surfactants, because they have unique and useful properties (they are stable, chemically inert and generally unreactive). However, these compounds have also been found to be toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative. In recent years various analytical methods have been developed for the analysis of FASs in environmental samples. Most of these methods are based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), since this is considered to be the technique of choice. This article reviews the various LC-(tandem)MS methods described so far for the analysis of FASs in water, sediment, sludge and biota samples. It discusses the main experimental conditions used for sample pretreatment and for analysis as well as the most relevant problems encountered and the limits of detection achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Villagrasa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Gavrilenko MA, Gavrilenko NA, Mokrousov GM. Preconcentration of phenols on a polymethacrylate sorbent for their gas-chromatographic determination in water. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Anastassiades M, Scherbaum E. Chapter 4 Sample handling and clean-up procedures II—new developments. CHROMATOGRAPHIC-MASS SPECTROMETRIC FOOD ANALYSIS FOR TRACE DETERMINATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)80024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Bagheri H, Mohammadi A, Salemi A. On-line trace enrichment of phenolic compounds from water using a pyrrole-based polymer as the solid-phase extraction sorbent coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Rychłowska J, Zgoła A, Grześkowiak T, Lukaszewski Z. Isolation of poly(propylene glycol)s from water for quantitative analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1021:11-7. [PMID: 14735971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Procedures for the isolation of poly(propylene glycol)s (PPGs) from a water matrix have been developed. Solid-phase extraction with an octadecylsilica cartridge and elution with methanol or with a graphitised carbon black cartridge and elution with a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol (4:1) or liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform were all suitable for model samples. However, only liquid-liquid extraction was suitable both for model and real environmental samples. Methods for reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of PPGs based on derivatisation and ultraviolet or fluorescence detection have been developed. Four derivatisation agents [3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride, phenyl isocyanate, 1-naphthoyl chloride and 1-naphthyl isocyanate (NIC)] were tested. Only NIC was found to give good reproducibility as well as a satisfactory detection limit. Finally, a method with liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform, derivatisation with NIC and liquid chromatographic separation with fluorescence detection was established. The developed method shows a highly correlated linearity of the analytical signals of particular homologues within a wide concentration range (approximately from 0.01 to 10 mg l(-1)). The precision of measurements is satisfactory for homologues having 5-9 oxypropylene subunits and becomes worse with an increase in the number of oxypropylene subunits. The limit of detection is 2 microg l(-1) for the majority of homologues. The method is suitable for the isolation and quantitative determination of PPGs in river water samples and as a tool for biodegradation testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rychłowska
- Institute of Chemistry, Poznań University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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Takino M, Daishima S, Nakahara T. Determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate in river water by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry by automated on-line extraction using turbulent flow chromatography. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:383-390. [PMID: 12590385 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast and sensitive liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (LC/APPI-MS) method, with automated on-line extraction using turbulent flow chromatography (TFC), was developed for the determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in river water. In this method, following an on-line extraction by injection onto a column under TFC conditions, PFOS is back-flushed onto a reversed-phase column via on-line column switching, and resolved chromatographically at a laminar flow rate of 1 mL min(-1). Using this tandem LC-LC/APPI-MS system the extraction, separation and selective detection of PFOS in river water could be achieved with satisfactory selectivity and sensitivity. The limit of detection (LOD) (S/N = 3) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) (S/N = 10)were 5.35 and 17.86 pg mL(-1). The described procedure was very simple since no off-line sample preparation was required, total analysis time being 18.75 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takino
- Kansai Branch Office, Yokogawa Analytical Systems Inc., Yodogawa, Osaka, Japan.
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Comparison of the performance of analytical methods based on solid-phase extraction and on solid-phase microextraction for the determination of antifouling booster biocides in natural waters. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Geerdink RB, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT. Trace-level determination of pesticides in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:65-93. [PMID: 12350103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trace-level determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) is reviewed. Special attention is given to the use of (tandem) mass spectrometry for identification and confirmation purposes. The complementarity of LC- and GC-based techniques and the potential of comprehensive GCXGC are discussed, and also the impressive performance of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It is also indicated that, in the near future, the TPs rather than the parent compounds should receive most attention--with a better understanding of matrix effects and eluent composition on the ionization efficiency of analytes being urgently required. Finally, the merits of using much shorter LC columns, or even no column at all (flow-injection analysis) in target analysis are shown, and a more cost-efficient and sophisticated strategy for monitoring programmes is briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Geerdink
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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25
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Occurrence and determination of herbicides and their major transformation products in environmental waters. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Oliveira EC, do Carmo Ruaro Peralba M, Bastos Caramão E. Solid phase extraction applied to chlorinated phenolics present in the effluent from a pulp mill. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020401)25:5/6<356::aid-jssc356>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Herrero-Hernández E, Sánchez-San RFJ, Prado Flores MG. Determination of herbicides and metabolites by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography evaluation of pollution due to herbicides in surface and groundwaters. J Chromatogr A 2002; 950:157-66. [PMID: 11990989 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A procedure based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been developed for the simultaneous preconcentration of three widely used herbicides and seven of their most common degradation products. The compounds studied were atrazine and its metabolites, desethylatrazine, desethyldesisopropylatrazine (DEDIA), 2-hydroxyatrazine, desethyl-2-hydroxyatrazine and desisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine (DIHA), terbutryne and its metabolite 2-hydroxyterbutylazine, and chlorotoluron and its metabolite 3-chloro-4-methylphenylurea. A HPLC system with diode array detection was used for the separation, identification and quantification of all these analytes. In the SPE preconcentration step, different types of sorbent were studied: C18 on silica and polymeric sorbents (Oasis and LiChrolut EN), the best results being obtained with the styrene-divinylbenzene cartridge and when the elution was performed with methanol and ethyl acetate. The detection limits obtained were between 0.1 microg l(-1) for DIHA and DEDIA and 0.02 microg l(-1) for the other analytes. The method used permitted the determination of these herbicides in drinking water at the concentration levels demanded by current legislation. The proposed method was used to evaluate the presence and evolution with time of these herbicides and their degradation products in samples of surface and ground waters from agricultural zones of the provinces of Salamanca and Zamora (basins of the Rivers Guarefia and Almar), Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carabias-Martínez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain.
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Chapter 32 New polymeric extraction materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Vandecasteele K, Gaus I, Debreuck W, Walraevens K. Identification and quantification of 77 pesticides in groundwater using solid phase coupled to liquid-liquid microextraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3093-101. [PMID: 10939372 DOI: 10.1021/ac991359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a method for the extraction, separation, identification, and quantification of 77 pesticides (neutral, acidic, and basic) including some s-triazine metabolites. The method is appropriate for organically (e.g. with humic acids) highly loaded groundwater samples. A comparative study of a pH-controlled mixed solid phase (LiChroprep RP18/LiChrolut EN) extraction with different desorption solvents (acetonitrile or acetonitrile and dichloromethane/methanol) is elaborated. A subsequent liquid-liquid microextraction reduces matrix effects. The pesticides in the sample are separated using RP-HPLC, detected, and identified by diode array. The efficiency is illustrated on a natural groundwater sample from a phreatic aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vandecasteele
- Laboratory for Applied Geology and Hydrogeology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Sabik H, Jeannot R, Rondeau B. Multiresidue methods using solid-phase extraction techniques for monitoring priority pesticides, including triazines and degradation products, in ground and surface waters. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:217-36. [PMID: 10941674 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for monitoring priority pesticides in ground and surface waters. The focus is on triazine herbicides and their degradation products. Data concerning the fate, occurrence, properties and extraction of triazines and their degradation products using different SPE techniques are tabulated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sabik
- St. Lawrence Centre, Environment Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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31
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Hogenboom AC, Hofman MP, Jolly DA, Niessen WM, Brinkman UA. On-line dual-precolumn-based trace enrichment for the determination of polar and acidic microcontaminants in river water by liquid chromatography with diode-array UV and tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:377-88. [PMID: 10941685 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual-pre-column-based trace enrichment combined on-line with liquid chromatography-diode-array UV and tandem mass spectrometric detection was used to determine a wide polarity range of organic microcontaminants in river water. Various sorbents were studied for their extraction efficiency of (highly) polar and acidic compounds and their ability to selectively remove humic substances, which are normally co-extracted and interfere in the UV detection of polar microcontaminants. An optimised on-line dual-pre-column set-up with PLRP-S in the first pre-column and Hysphere-1 in the second pre-column was used to study the analytical performance of the procedure. Tandem MS was used for confirmation purposes and to quantify the organic microcontaminants in river water at the low-ng/l level. In addition, the influence of the type of sample (drinking and river water) on suppression of analyte responses in electrospray ionization MS was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hogenboom
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Molina M, Pérez-Bendito D, Silva M. Multi-residue analysis of N-methylcarbamate pesticides and their hydrolytic metabolites in environmental waters by use of solid-phase extraction and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:3439-49. [PMID: 10608712 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991101)20:17<3439::aid-elps3439>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous separation and determination of N-methylcarbamate pesticides and their hydrolytic metabolites by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) was developed. A mixture of five pesticides (carbaryl, propuxur, carbofuran, aminocarb, and methiocarb) and their corresponding phenols was studied to optimize the separation of its components in terms of various electrophoretic parameters such as buffer type, pH and concentration, sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration, injection conditions, and applied voltage. Excellent separation of all ten analytes was achieved within about 20 min. The optimized method was used for determinations in environmental water samples. Sample volumes of 250 mL were first preconcentrated in the pesticides and metabolites by passage through a LiChrolut EN sorbent column and then further enriched by on-column stacking. Dynamic ranges of 40 ng/L - 6 microg/L, limits of detection at the nanogram-per-liter level, and relative standard deviations from 2.6 to 7.4% were obtained. The proposed method surpasses high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in separation efficiency. In fact, it provides more expeditious separations and allows more flexible adjustment of the selectivity. Also, it enables the quantification for the analytes studied in this work with decreased limits of detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Molina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, Spain
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33
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Steen RJ, Hogenboom AC, Leonards PE, Peerboom RA, Cofino WP, Brinkman UA. Ultra-trace-level determination of polar pesticides and their transformation products in surface and estuarine water samples using column liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1999; 857:157-66. [PMID: 10536834 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method is developed for the determination of polar pesticides and their transformation products [atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, hydroxyatrazine, diuron, 3,4-dichlorophenylmethylurea, 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DPU), monuron, bentazone, anthranil-isopropylamide, chloridazon, metolachlor] in surface, estuarine and sea water samples at the low ng/l level. Solid-phase extraction is combined off-line with column liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-ESI-MS-MS). The applicability of two solid-phase materials, i.e., LiChrolut EN cartridges and graphitized carbon black extraction disks, is evaluated. The influence of the organic solvent used in gradient LC, as well as the amount of co-extracted humic material on the ESI process is studied. The eluotropic strength of the organic solvent was found to have a distinct effect on the sensitivity of ESI-MS if coupled with LC gradient separations. Methanol gave much better results than acetonitrile and phenylurea compounds are more susceptible to solvent changes than triazines. Co-extracted humic material causes signal suppression in ESI-MS-MS detection. The degree of suppression depends upon the sample pH and the nature of the samples, i.e., surface or estuarine water. Detection limits in LC-ESI-MS-MS ranged from 0.2 to 2 ng/l, with the exception of DPU (8 ng/l). The applicability of the procedure was demonstrated by analyzing surface and estuarine water.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Steen
- Vrije Universiteit, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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34
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Slobodník J, Lingeman H, Brinkman UAT. Large-volume liquid chromatographic trace-enrichment system for environmental analysis. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Eder K, Buchmeiser MR, Bonn GK. New cation-exchange resins with high reversed-phase character for solid-phase extraction of phenols. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Masqué N, Marcé R, Borrull F. New polymeric and other types of sorbents for solid-phase extraction of polar organic micropollutants from environmental water. Trends Analyt Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(98)00019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Determination of eleven priority EPA phenolics at ng L−1 levels by on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with UV and electrochemical detection. Chromatographia 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Comparison of different sorbents for on-line solid-phase extraction of pesticides and phenolic compounds from natural water followed by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Sojo LE, Brocke A, Fillion J, Price SM. Application of activated carbon membranes for on-line cleanup of vegetable and fruit extracts in the determination of pesticide multiresidues by gas chromatography with mass selective detection. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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Study of the feasibility of the use of activated carbon membranes for the on-line cleanup of vegetable extracts in the determination of N-methylcarbamate pesticides by liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Lingeman H, Hoekstra-Oussoren SJ. Particle-loaded membranes for sample concentration and/or clean-up in bioanalysis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:221-37. [PMID: 9061497 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction nowadays is a major sample preparation tool. The latest development in this area is the introduction of particle-loaded membranes (membrane-extraction disks). The potential of these extraction membranes in bioanalysis is discussed with respect to recoveries, reproducibility, sensitivity and speed. A comparison is made between liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction using traditional sorbents and extraction disks, and off-line and on-line techniques. Particle-loaded membranes are available in disks with diameters of 4-90 mm. The 25-90 mm disks are mainly used for off-line extractions of mainly environmental samples, while the 4 mm disks are available in the so-called drug tubes that can be used in the same way as conventional extraction cartridges for the extraction of drugs from biological fluids. The main advantage of using drug tubes is the smaller desorption volume and, therefore, the increased sensitivity. Cutting smaller disks, from the commercially available disks, allows the use of on-line extractions in column-switching systems. The main conclusion is that in many cases particle-loaded membranes are more efficient than packed solid-phase extraction cartridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lingeman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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