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Turovska B, Goba I, Lielpetere A, Glezer V. Electrochemistry of pyridine derivatives. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Synthesis of 5-carboxy-6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-pyridone derivatives and their electrochemical oxidation to 2-pyridones. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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(Spectro) Electrochemical investigation of reduction mechanism of a new energetic molecule 2,2-dinitroethene-1,1-diamine (FOX-7) in aprotic solvents. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Pardo-Jiménez V, Barrientos C, Pérez-Cruz K, Navarrete-Encina P, Olea-Azar C, Nuñez-Vergara LJ, Squella J. Synthesis and electrochemical oxidation of hybrid compounds: dihydropyridine-fused coumarins. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Chen S, Tai KY, Webster RD. The Effect of the Buffering Capacity of the Supporting Electrolyte on the Electrochemical Oxidation of Dopamine and 4-Methylcatechol in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:1492-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Electrochemical oxidation of C4-vanillin- and C4-isovanillin-1,4-dihydropyridines in aprotic medium: Reactivity towards free radicals. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Electrochemical synthesis of 1,2,3,4,4,5,6-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-007-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Yáñez C, López-Alarcón C, Camargo C, Valenzuela V, Squella JA, Núñez-Vergara LJ. Structural effects on the reactivity 1,4-dihydropyridines with alkylperoxyl radicals and ABTS radical cation. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2459-68. [PMID: 15080941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Revised: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of eight commercial C-4 substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines and other synthesized related compounds were tested for direct potential scavenger effect towards alkylperoxyl radicals and ABTS radical cation in aqueous Britton-Robinson buffer pH7.4. A direct quenching radical species was established. The tested 1,4-dihydropyridines were 8.3-fold more reactive towards alkylperoxyl radicals than ABTS cation radical, expressed by their corresponding kinetic rate constants. Furthermore, NPD a photolyte of nifedipine and the C-4 unsubstituted 1,4-DHP were the most reactive derivatives towards alkylperoxyl radicals. The pyridine derivative was confirmed by GC/MS technique as the final product of reaction. In consequence, the reduction of alkylperoxyl and ABTS radicals by 1,4-dihydropyridines involved an electron transfer process. Also, the participation of the hydrogen of the 1-position appears as relevant on the reactivity. Results of reactivity were compared with Trolox.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yáñez
- Laboratory of Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, PO Box 233, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
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López-Alarcón C, Núñez-Vergara L, Squella J. Voltammetric oxidation of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines in protic and aprotic media: relevance of the substitution on N position. Electrochim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(03)00292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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López-Alarcón C, Navarrete P, Camargo C, Squella JA, Núñez-Vergara LJ. Reactivity of 1,4-dihydropyridines toward alkyl, alkylperoxyl radicals, and ABTS radical cation. Chem Res Toxicol 2003; 16:208-15. [PMID: 12588192 DOI: 10.1021/tx025579o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of C4-substituted 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHP) with either secondary or tertiary nitrogen in the dihydropyridine ring were synthesized. All of these compounds together with some commercial DHP derivatives were tested for potential scavenger effects toward alkyl, alkylperoxyl radicals, and ABTS radical cation in aqueous media at pH 7.4. Kinetic rate constants were assessed either by UV/vis spectroscopy or GC/MS techniques. Tested compounds reacted faster toward alkylperoxyl radicals and ABTS radical cation than alkyl ones. N-Ethyl-substituted DHPs showed the lowest reactivity. Kinetic results were compared with either trolox or nisoldipine. Using deuterium kinetic isotope effect studies, we have proved that the hydrogen of the 1-position of the DHP ring is involved in the proposed mechanism. This fact is mostly noticeable in the case of alkyl radicals. In all cases, the respective pyridine derivative was detected as the main product of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Alarcón
- Laboratory of Biolectrochemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Wu LM, Chen W, Liu ZL. Stable free radicals generated during the oxidation of 4-alkyl Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines with nitrosonium — EPR evidence. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2001. [DOI: 10.1163/156856701300356437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Hartl F, Groenestein RP, Mahabiersing T. Air-Tight Three-Electrode Design of Coaxial Electrochemical-EPR Cell for Redox Studies at Low Temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc20010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The weak point of the original Allendoerfer electrochemical-EPR cell has been the reference electrode, placed outside the space-limited electrolysis cavity or not used at all in experiments at low temperatures. We present here an elegant solution to this problem, based on a modified air-tight design of an Allendoerfer cell equipped with a silver-wire pseudoreference electrode. The cell performance is demonstrated on one-electron electrochemical oxidation of heterocyclic 3,6-diphenyl-1,2-dithiine and one-electron reduction of 6-methyl-6-phenylfulvene and the pseudo-octahedral complex fac-[Re(benzyl)(CO)3(dmb)] (dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine). In the latter case, the EPR spectrum of the radical anion [Re(benzyl)(CO)3(dmb)]•- points to predominant localization of the unpaired electron on the dmb ligand, in agreement with UV-VIS and IR spectroelectrochemical data.
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Rosales AG, Montoya MR, Galvín RM, Mellado JMR. Electrochemical Oxidation of Diethyl 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate on a Glassy Carbon Electrode as Model Compound of NADH. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199901)11:1<32::aid-elan32>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Mohan H, Mittal JP, Srividya N, Ramamurthy P. One-Electron Reduction of 3,3,6,6-Tetramethyl-3,4,6,7,9,10-hexahydro-(1,8)-(2H,5H)-acridinedione: A Pulse Radiolysis Study. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9809989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Cation-radicals in the electrochemical oxidation of 1,2,6-trimethyl-3,5-diacetyl-1,2-dihydropyridines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02291797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Electrochemical reduction of 4-(nitrophenyl)-1,2- and 4-(nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridines and the ESR spectra of the obtained free-radical particles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02256761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Turovska B, Stradiņš J, Strazdiņš I, Makarova N, Plotniece A, Duburs G. Electrochemical oxidation of hydrogenated indolizines and their precursors in chemical synthesis—quaternized pyridyldihydropyridines. Electrochim Acta 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(97)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Srividya N, Ramamurthy P, Shanmugasundaram P, Ramakrishnan VT. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry of Some Acridine-1,8-dione Dyes. J Org Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9600316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Srividya
- Departments of Inorganic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Madras 600 025, India
| | - P. Ramamurthy
- Departments of Inorganic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Madras 600 025, India
| | - P. Shanmugasundaram
- Departments of Inorganic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Madras 600 025, India
| | - V. T. Ramakrishnan
- Departments of Inorganic Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Madras, Madras 600 025, India
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Brewster ME, Druzgala PJ, Anderson WR, Huang MJ, Bodor N, Pop E. Efficacy of a 3-substituted versus 17-substituted chemical delivery system for estradiol brain targeting. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:38-43. [PMID: 7714741 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Brain-targeted delivery of estrogens has been achieved by a chemical delivery system (CDS) in which a molecular targetor (1-methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinate) was attached to the 17-alcohol of estradiol. Optimization of this effect was attempted with the isomeric 3-phenol ester. Estradiol 3-nicotinate was prepared with nicotinic anhydride, which selectively acylated the phenol position. Methylation and reduction gave estradiol 3-(1-methyl-1,4-dihydronicotinate) of the 3-E2-CDS. Theoretical and electrochemical investigation indicated that the 3-E2-CDS was more stable to oxidation than was the prototype 17-ester (17-E2-CDS). Systemic administration of the 17-E2-CDS produced high levels of the corresponding quaternary salt in the brain of rats, which disappeared with an estimated half-life of > 2 days, but 3-E2-CDS dosing resulted in no significant quaternary salt trapping. Pharmacological activity was potent and sustained after 17-E2-CDS dosing but transient after 3-E2-CDS administration. Thus, the 3-E2-CDS reduced the rate of weight gain in male rats but to a lesser extent and for a shorter duration than did the 17-E2-CDS. Similar effects were seen on pituitary hypertrophy, reduction in serum androgen concentrations, and involution of prostate and seminal vesicles. The results of these studies suggest that placement of the targeting ester at the phenol position increases dihydropyridine stability but, at the same time, reduces brain sequestration.
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Alvarez-Lueje A, Nuñez-Vergara LJ, Squella JA. Voltammetric behavior of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. ELECTROANAL 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140060313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Glezer V, Stradins J, Turovska B, Gustina D, Markava E, Freimanis J. Electrochemical reduction of N-aryl- and N-arylsulphonylbenzoquinoneimines in acetonitrile—III. Electrochemical model of the mechanism of interaction of quinoneimines with Hantzsch ester. Electrochim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(92)85013-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Waller AM, Compton RG. Chapter 7 In-Situ Electrochemical ESR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(08)70322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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24
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Largeron M, Fleury M. Electrochemical synthesis and reactivity of 3,5-dicyano-1,2,4,6-tetramethylpyridinium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)80173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Stradins J, Ogle J, Kadysh V, Baumane L, Gavars R, Duburs G. Electrochemical oxidation of N-substituted 1,4- and 1,2-dihydropyridine derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(87)80036-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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26
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Gaš B, Klíma J, Záliš S, Vlček A. Redox series of complexes with a mixed coordination sphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(87)80284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Investigation of two radical intermediates in the anodic oxidation of 1,4-dihydropyridines by electrochemiluminescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(86)87014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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LudvíK J, Tureček F, Volke J. Electrochemical oxidation mechanism of 4-disubstituted 1,4-dihydropyridines in acetonitrile MS identification of products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(85)80054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Lee JS, Kato T, Fujishima A, Honda K. Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols on Polycrystalline Zinc Oxide. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1984. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.57.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Ogle YV, Baumane LK, Gavar RA, Kadysh VP, Stradyn' YP, Lusis VK, Mutsenietse DK, Dubur GY. Electrolytic oxidation of 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,2-dihydropyridines in acetonitrile on platinum electrodes. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00514306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Klíma J, Ludvík J, Volke J, Křikava M, Skála V, Kuthan J. Spin trapping in electrochemical processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(84)80263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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32
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Electrolysis of N-Heterocyclic Compounds (Part II). ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Synthesis of Pyridines by Electrochemical Methods. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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