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Grimm ML, Suleman NK, Hancock AN, Spencer JN, Dudding T, Rowshanpour R, Castagnoli N, Tanko JM. Stereoelectronic and Resonance Effects on the Rate of Ring Opening of N-Cyclopropyl-Based Single Electron Transfer Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2640-2652. [PMID: 31913031 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Cyclopropyl-N-methylaniline (5) is a poor probe for single electron transfer (SET) because the corresponding radical cation undergoes cyclopropane ring opening with a rate constant of only 4.1 × 104 s-1, too slow to compete with other processes such as radical cation deprotonation. The sluggish rate of ring opening can be attributed to either (i) a resonance effect in which the spin and charge of the radical cation in the ring-closed form is delocalized into the phenyl ring, and/or (ii) the lowest energy conformation of the SET product (5•+) does not meet the stereoelectronic requirements for cyclopropane ring opening. To resolve this issue, a new series of N-cyclopropylanilines were designed to lock the cyclopropyl group into the required bisected conformation for ring opening. The results reveal that the rate constant for ring opening of radical cations derived from 1'-methyl-3',4'-dihydro-1'H-spiro[cyclopropane-1,2'-quinoline] (6) and 6'-chloro-1'-methyl-3',4'-dihydro-1'H-spiro[cyclopropane-1,2'-quinoline] (7) are 3.5 × 102 s-1 and 4.1 × 102 s-1, effectively ruling out the stereoelectronic argument. In contrast, the radical cation derived from 4-chloro-N-methyl-N-(2-phenylcyclopropyl)aniline (8) undergoes cyclopropane ring opening with a rate constant of 1.7 × 108 s-1, demonstrating that loss of the resonance energy associated with the ring-closed form of these N-cyclopropylanilines can be amply compensated by incorporation of a radical-stabilizing phenyl substituent on the cyclopropyl group. Product studies were performed, including a unique application of EC-ESI/MS (Electrochemistry/ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry) in the presence of 18O2 and H218O to elucidate the mechanism of ring opening of 7•+ and trapping of the resulting distonic radical cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Grimm
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - N Kamrudin Suleman
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - Amber N Hancock
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - Jared N Spencer
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - Rozhin Rowshanpour
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - Neal Castagnoli
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
| | - James M Tanko
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , Virginia 24060 , United States
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2
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Rountree ES, McCarthy BD, Eisenhart TT, Dempsey JL. Evaluation of Homogeneous Electrocatalysts by Cyclic Voltammetry. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:9983-10002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500658x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Rountree
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Brian D. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Thomas T. Eisenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jillian L. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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3
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Houmam A. Electron Transfer Initiated Reactions: Bond Formation and Bond Dissociation. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2180-237. [PMID: 18620366 DOI: 10.1021/cr068070x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Tanko JM, Li X, Chahma M, Jackson WF, Spencer JN. Cyclopropyl Conjugation and Ketyl Anions: When Do Things Begin to Fall Apart? J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4181-92. [PMID: 17371018 DOI: 10.1021/ja063857q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Results pertaining to the electrochemical reduction of 1,2-diacetylcyclopropane (5), 1-acetyl-2-phenylcyclopropane (6), 1-acetyl-2-benzoylcyclopropane (7), and 1,2-dibenzoylcyclopropane (8) are reported. While 6*- exists as a discrete species, the barrier to ring opening is very small (<1 kcal/mol) and the rate constant for ring opening is >10(7) s(-1). For 7 and 8, the additional resonance stabilization afforded by the benzoyl moieties results in significantly lower rate constants for ring opening, on the order of 10(5)-10(6) s(-1). Electron transfer to 8 serves to initiate an unexpected vinylcyclopropane --> cyclopentene type rearrangement, which occurs via a radical ion chain mechanism. The results for reduction of 5 are less clear-cut: The experimental results suggest that the reduction is unexceptional, with a symmetry coefficient alpha </= 0.5, and reorganization energy consistent with a simple electron-transfer process (one electron reduction, followed by ring opening). In contrast, molecular orbital calculations suggest that 5*- has no apparent lifetime and that reduction of 5 may occur by a concerted dissociative electron transfer (DET) mechanism (i.e., electron transfer and ring opening occur simultaneously). These seemingly contradictory results can be reconciled if the increase in the internal reorganization energy associated with the onset of concerted DET is offset by a lowering of the solvent reorganization energy associated with electron transfer to a more highly delocalized LUMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tanko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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5
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Electrochemical amplification using selective self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers on gold: A predictive mechanistic model. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Chahma M, Li X, Phillips JP, Schwartz P, Brammer LE, Wang Y, Tanko JM. Activation/Driving Force Relationships for Cyclopropylcarbinyl → Homoallyl-Type Rearrangements of Radical Anions. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3372-82. [PMID: 16833672 DOI: 10.1021/jp050193i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By using direct and indirect electrochemical methods, rate constants (ko) for cyclopropane ring opening of radical anions derived from the one-electron reduction of trans-1-benzoyl-2-phenylcyclopropane, trans-1-benzoyl-2-vinylcyclopropane, 2-methylenecyclopropyl phenyl ketone, spiro[anthracene-9,1'-cyclopropan-10-one], 3-cyclopropylcyclohex-2-en-1-one, and 3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one were determined. Qualitatively, rate constants for ring opening of these (and other cyclopropyl- and cyclobutyl-containing radical anions) can be rationalized on the basis of the thermodynamic stability of the radical anion, the ability of substituents on the cyclopropyl group to stabilize the radical portion of the distonic radical anion, and the stability of the enolate portion of the distonic radical anion. On the basis of this notion, a thermochemical cycle for estimating deltaG(o) for ring opening was presented. For simple cyclopropyl-containing ketyl anions, a reasonable correlation between log(ko) and deltaG(o) was found, and stepwise dissociative electron transfer theory was applied to rationalize the results. Activation energies calculated with density functional theory (UB3LYP/6-31+G*) correlate reasonably well with measured log(ko). The derived log(ko) and deltaG(o) and log(ko) vs E(a) plots provide the basis for a "calibration curve" to predict rate constants for ring opening of radical anions derived from carbonyl compounds, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- M'hamed Chahma
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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7
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Hazimeh H, Mattalia JM, Marchi-Delapierre C, Barone R, Nudelman NS, Chanon M. Radical clocks and electron transfer. Comparison of crown ether effects on the reactivity of potassium and magnesium towards 1-bromo-2-(3-butenyl)benzene. The incidence of homogeneous versus heterogeneous electron transfer on selectivity. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Stevenson JP, Jackson WF, Tanko JM. Cyclopropylcarbinyl-type ring openings. Reconciling the chemistry of neutral radicals and radical anions. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:4271-81. [PMID: 11960456 DOI: 10.1021/ja0041831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopropylcarbinyl --> homoallyl and related rearrangements of radical ions (a) are frequently used as mechanistic "probes" to detect the occurrence of single electron transfer in chemical and biochemical processes, (b) provide the basis for mechanism-based drug design, and (c) are important tools in organic synthesis. Unfortunately, these rearrangements are poorly understood, especially with respect to the effect of substrate structure on reactivity. Frequently, researchers assume that the same factors which govern the reactivity of neutral free radicals also pertain to radical ions. The results reported herein demonstrate that in some cases structure-reactivity trends in radical ion rearrangements are very different from neutral radicals. For radical ions, delocalizations of both charge and spin are important factors governing their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paige Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
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Maran F, Wayner DD, Workentin MS. Kinetics and mechanism of the dissociative reduction of CX and XX bonds (X O, S). ADVANCES IN PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3160(01)36004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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10
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Zheng ZR, Evans DH, Soazara Chan-Shing, Lessard J. Cleavage Reactions of Radical Anions that Range from Homolytic to Heterolytic within the Same Family of Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9922779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rong Zheng
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19706, and Centre de Recherche en Electrochimie et Electrocatalyse, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dennis H. Evans
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19706, and Centre de Recherche en Electrochimie et Electrocatalyse, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Soazara Chan-Shing
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19706, and Centre de Recherche en Electrochimie et Electrocatalyse, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jean Lessard
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19706, and Centre de Recherche en Electrochimie et Electrocatalyse, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
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11
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Tanko JM, Phillips JP. Rearrangements of Radical Ions: What It Means To Be Both a Radical and an Ion. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja990921d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. M. Tanko
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - J. Paige Phillips
- Department of Chemistry Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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12
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Pietron JJ, Murray RW. Mediated Electrocatalysis with Polyanthraquinone-Functionalized Monolayer-Protected Clusters. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp984588w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Pietron
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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13
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Phillips JP, Gillmore JG, Schwartz P, Brammer LE, Berger DJ, Tanko JM. Radical Ion Probes. 8. Direct and Indirect Electrochemistry of 5,7-Di-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octa-4,7-dien-6-one and Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972795o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Paige Phillips
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Jason G. Gillmore
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Phillip Schwartz
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Larry E. Brammer
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - Daniel J. Berger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
| | - J. M. Tanko
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0212
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14
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Miedaner A, Noll BC, DuBois DL. Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium and Nickel Complexes with Positively Charged Triphosphine Ligands and Their Use as Electrochemical CO2-Reduction Catalysts. Organometallics 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/om970519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Miedaner
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Bruce C. Noll
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Daniel L. DuBois
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
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15
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The influence of diffusion coefficients in a catalytic electron transfer mechanism on linear sweep voltammetric and potential step chronoamperometric measurements. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)87081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Moreno C, Franco R, Moura I, Le Gall J, Moura JJ. Voltammetric studies of the catalytic electron-transfer process between the Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase and small proteins isolated from the same genus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 217:981-9. [PMID: 8223656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of electron transfer between the Desulfovibrio gigas hydrogenase and several electron-transfer proteins from Desulfovibrio species were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The cytochrome c3 from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough), Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway 4), Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (American Type Culture Collection 27774) and D. gigas (NCIB 9332) were used as redox carriers. They differ in their redox potentials and isoelectric point. Depending on the pH, all the reduced forms of these cytochromes were effective in electron exchange with hydrogenase. Other small electron-transfer proteins such as ferredoxin I, ferredoxin II and rubredoxin from D. gigas were tentatively used as redox carriers. Only ferredoxin II was effective in mediating electron exchange between hydrogenase and the working electrode. The second-order rate constants k for the reaction between reduced proteins and hydrogenase were calculated based on the theory of the simplest electrocatalytic mechanism [Moreno, C., Costa, C., Moura, I., Le Gall, J., Liu, M. Y., Payne, W. J., van Dijk, C. & Moura, J. J. G. (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 212, 79-86] and the results obtained by cyclic voltammetry were compared with those obtained by chronoamperometry. Values for k of 10(5)-10(6) M-1 s-1 (cytochrome c3 as electron carrier) and 10(4) M-1 s-1 (ferredoxin II as the electron carrier) were determined. The rate-constant values are discussed in terms of the existence of an electrostatic interaction between the electrode surface and the redox carrier and between the redox carrier and a positively charged part of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Moreno
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
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17
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Rühl JC, Evans DH, Neta P. Electrochemical reduction of some α-substituted nitroalkanes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80302-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Compton RG, Fisher AC, Spackman RA. Homogeneous catalysis of electrochemical reactions. Channel electrode voltammetry and the EC′ mechanism. ELECTROANAL 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Gilicinski AG, Evans DH. Homogeneous redox catalysis of a heterogeneous electron transfer reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)80240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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21
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Severin M, Farnia G, Vianello E, Arévalo M. Competition between a concerted and a sequential electron transfer-bond breaking path in triphenylmethyl phenyl sulphide reduction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(88)85197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Hoogvliet JC, Lievense LC, van Dijk C, Veeger C. Electron transfer between the hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) and viologens. 1. Investigations by cyclic voltammetry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 174:273-80. [PMID: 3289919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The electron transfer kinetics between the hydrogenase from Desulvovibrio vulgaris (strain Hildenborough) and three different viologen mediators has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The mediators methyl viologen, di(n-aminopropyl) viologen and propyl viologen sulfonate differ in redox potential and in net charge. Dependent on the pH both the one- and two-electron-reduced forms or only the two-electron-reduced form of the viologens are effective in electron exchange with hydrogenase. Calculations of the second-order rate constant k for the reaction between reduced viologen and hydrogenase are based on the theory of the simplest electrocatalytic mechanism. Values for k are in the range of 10(6)-10(7) M-1 s-1 and increase in the direction propyl viologen sulfonate----methyl viologen----di(n-aminopropyl) viologen. An explanation is based on electrostatic interactions. It is proposed that the electron transfer reaction is the rate-determining step in the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hoogvliet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Bowers ML, Anson FC, Feldberg SW. Dealing with unequal diffusivities among reactants in kinetic studies at rotating disk and ring-disk electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(87)80211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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25
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Nadjo L, Savéant J, Su K. Homogeneous redox catalysis of multielectron electrochemical reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(85)85077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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