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Kartashova NV, Konev DV, Loktionov PA, Glazkov AT, Goncharova OA, Petrov MM, Antipov AE, Vorotyntsev MA. A Hydrogen-Bromate Flow Battery as a Rechargeable Chemical Power Source. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1228. [PMID: 36557135 PMCID: PMC9782483 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen-bromate flow battery represents one of the promising variants for hybrid power sources. Its membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) combines a hydrogen gas diffusion anode and a porous flow-through cathode where bromate reduction takes place from its acidized aqueous solution: BrO3− + 6 H+ + 6 e− = Br− + 3 H2O (*). The process of electric current generation occurs on the basis of the overall reaction: 3 H2 + BrO3− = Br− + 3 H2O (**), which has been studied in previous publications. Until this work, it has been unknown whether this device is able to function as a rechargeable power source. This means that the bromide anion, Br−, should be electrooxidized into the bromate anion, BrO3−, in the course of the charging stage inside the same cell under strongly acidic conditions, while until now this process has only been carried out in neutral or alkaline solutions with specially designed anode materials. In this study, we have demonstrated that processes (*) and (**) can be performed in a cyclic manner, i.e., as a series of charge and discharge stages with the use of MEA: H2, Freidenberg H23C8 Pt-C/GP-IEM 103/Sigracet 39AA, HBr + H2SO4; square cross-section of 4 cm2 surface area, under an alternating galvanostatic mode at a current density of 75 mA/cm2. The coulombic, voltaic and energy efficiencies of the flow battery under a cyclic regime, as well as the absorption spectra of the catholyte, were measured during its operation. The total amount of Br-containing compounds penetrating through the membrane into the anode space was also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Kartashova
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Konev
- Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Loktionov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Artem T. Glazkov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Goncharova
- Federal Research Center of Problem of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry RAS, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M. Petrov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly E. Antipov
- EMCPS Department, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Vorotyntsev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Vorotyntsev MA, Zader PA. Simulation of Mediator-Catalysis Process inside Redox Flow Battery. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193522110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Konev DV, Istakova OI, Ruban EA, Glazkov AT, Vorotyntsev MA. Hydrogen-Chlorate Electric Power Source: Feasibility of the Device, Discharge Characteristics and Modes of Operation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175638. [PMID: 36080404 PMCID: PMC9457794 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A power source based on the current-generating reaction of aqueous chlorate-to-chloride reduction by molecular hydrogen would provide as much as 1150 Wh per 1 L of reagent storage (for a combination of 700 atm compressed hydrogen and saturated aqueous solution of lithium chlorate) at room temperature, but direct electroreduction of chlorate only proceeds with unacceptably high overvoltages, even for the most catalytically active electrodes. In the present study, we experimentally demonstrated that this process can be performed via redox-mediator catalysis by intermediate products of chlorate reduction, owing to their participation in homogeneous com- and disproportionation reactions. A series of current–voltage and discharge characteristics were measured for hydrogen-chlorate membrane–electrode assembly (MEA) cells at various concentrations of chlorate and sulfuric acid under operando spectrophotometric monitoring of the electrolyte composition during the discharge. We established that chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is the key intermediate product; its fraction in the electrolyte solution increases progressively, up to its maximum, equal to 0.4–0.6 of the initial amount of chlorate anions, whereas the ClO2 amount decreases gradually to a zero value in the later stage. In most discharge experiments, the Faradaic yield exceeded 90% (maximal value: 99%), providing approximately 48% chemical energy storage-to-electricity conversion efficiency at maximal power of the discharge (max value: 402 mW/cm2). These results support prospect of a hydrogen-chlorate flow current generator as a highly specific energy-capacity source for airless media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Konev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.V.K.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Olga I. Istakova
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Ruban
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | - Artem T. Glazkov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Vorotyntsev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
- Correspondence: (D.V.K.); (M.A.V.)
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Vorotyntsev MA, Volgin VM, Davydov AD. Halate electroreduction from acidic solution at rotating disk electrode: Theoretical study of the steady-state convective-migration-diffusion transport for comparable concentrations of halate ions and protons. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.139961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vorotyntsev MA, Antipov AE. Bromate electroreduction in acidic solution inside rectangular channel under flow-through porous electrode conditions. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Modestov A, Konev D, Antipov A, Petrov M, Pichugov R, Vorotyntsev M. Bromate electroreduction from sulfuric acid solution at rotating disk electrode: Experimental study. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Konev DV, Antipov AE, Petrov MM, Shamraeva MA, Vorotyntsev MA. Surprising dependence of the current density of bromate electroreduction on the microelectrode radius as manifestation of the autocatalytic redox-cycle (EC″) reaction mechanism. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Vorotyntsev MA, Antipov AE. Bromate electroreduction from acidic solution at rotating disc electrode. Theoretical study of the steady-state convective-diffusion transport for excess of bromate ions compared to protons. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vorotyntsev M, Antipov A. Bromate electroreduction from acidic solution at spherical microelectrode under steady-state conditions: Theory for the redox-mediator autocatalytic (EC″) mechanism. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vorotyntsev MA, Antipov AE, Konev DV. Bromate anion reduction: novel autocatalytic (EC″) mechanism of electrochemical processes. Its implication for redox flow batteries of high energy and power densities. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent theoretical studies of the bromate electroreduction from strongly acidic solution have been overviewed in view of very high redox-charge and energy densities of this process making it attractive for electric energy sources. Keeping in mind non-electroactivity of the bromate ion the possibility to ensure its rapid transformation via a redox-mediator cycle (EC′ mechanism) is analyzed. Alternative route via the bromine/bromide redox couple and the comproportionation reaction inside the solution phase is considered within the framework of several theoretical approaches based on the conventional Nernst layer model, or on its recently proposed advanced version (Generalized Nernst layer model), on the convective diffusion transport equations. This analysis has revealed that this process corresponds to a novel (EC″) electrochemical mechanism since the transformation of the principal oxidant (bromate) is carried out via autocatalytic redox cycle where the bromate consumption leads to progressive accumulation of the bromine/bromide redox couple catalyzing the process. As a result, even a tracer amount of its component, bromine, in the bulk solution leads under certain conditions to extremely high current densities which may even overcome the diffusion-limited one for bromate, i.e. be well over 1 A/cm2 for concentrated bromate solutions. This analysis allows one to expect that the hydrogen–bromate flow battery may generate very high values of both the current density and specific electric power, over 1 A/cm2 and 1 W/cm2.
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Vorotyntsev MA, Antipov AE. Bromate electroreduction from acidic solution at rotating disc electrode. Theory of steady-state convective-diffusion transport. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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RAJENDRAN L. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR THE STEADY-STATE CHRONOAMPEROMETRIC CURRENT FOR AN EC′ REACTION AT SPHEROIDAL ULTRAMICROELECTRODES. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633606002027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state chronoamperometric current for an EC′ reactions at spheroidal ultramicroelectrodes is derived from the non-steady-state diffusion limited current. The polynomial expressions pertaining to two extreme limits of reaction rates are combined for all reaction rates. Starting with the result for spheroidal electrode, equations are obtained for the steady-state currents at disc, oblate, hemisphere and prolate electrodes. Tabular compilation of dimensionless current for disc electrodes are reported. A good agreement with previously available simulation results is noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. RAJENDRAN
- SMSV Higher Secondary School, Karaikudi — 630 001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Eswari A, Rajendran L. Analytical expressions of concentration and current in homogeneous catalytic reactions at spherical microelectrodes: Homotopy perturbation approach. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cannan S, Cervera J, Steliaros (née Haskins) RJ, Bitziou E, Whitworth AL, Unwin PR. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) studies of catalytic EC′ processes: theory and experiment for feedback, generation/collection and imaging measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5403-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02530e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jha SK, Kant R. Theory of potentiostatic current transients for coupled catalytic reaction at random corrugated fractal electrode. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Senthamarai R, Rajendran L. A comparison of diffusion-limited currents at microelectrodes of various geometries for EC′ reactions. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Streeter I, Compton RG. Numerical simulation of the limiting current for the CE mechanism at a microdisc electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A steady-state voltammetric procedure for the determination of hydrogen ions and total acid concentration in mixtures of a strong and a weak monoprotic acid. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Microring electrode: Transient and steady-state chronoamperometric current for first-order EC reactions. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Galceran J, Taylor S, Bartlett P. Modelling the steady-state current at the inlaid disc microelectrode for homogeneous mediated enzyme catalysed reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baldo MA, Daniele S, Bragato C, Mazzocchin GA. Voltammetric Determination of the Total Acid Content in Ethanol-Water Mixtures. Application to Distilled Beverages. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200105)13:8/9<737::aid-elan737>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Galceran J, Cecília J, Companys E, Salvador J, Puy J. Analytical Expressions for Feedback Currents at the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001564s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Galceran J, Taylor S, Bartlett P. Steady-state currents at inlaid and recessed microdisc electrodes for first-order EC′ reactions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Galceran J, Taylor S, Bartlett P. Application of Danckwerts’ expression to first-order EC′ reactions. Transient currents at inlaid and recessed microdisc electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rajendran L, Sangaranarayanan MV. Diffusion at Ultramicro Disk Electrodes: Chronoamperometric Current for Steady-State Ec‘ Reaction Using Scattering Analogue Techniques. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Rajendran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras-600 036, India
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Antiochia R, Lavagnini I, Magno F. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Dihydronicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide with Ferrocene Carboxylic Acid by Diaphorase fromClostridium kluveri. Remarks on the Kinetic Approaches Usually Adopted. ELECTROANAL 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199902)11:2<129::aid-elan129>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Analysis of the double pulse response for the following chemical reaction in the EC mechanism. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Daniele S, Lavagnini I, Baldo MA, Magno F. Voltammetry for Reduction of Hydrogen Ions from Mixtures of Mono- and Polyprotic Acids at Platinum Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970666k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga S. Marta, 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica, Universita' di Padova, Via Marzolo,1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Irma Lavagnini
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga S. Marta, 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica, Universita' di Padova, Via Marzolo,1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Antonietta Baldo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga S. Marta, 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica, Universita' di Padova, Via Marzolo,1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Magno
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Venice, Calle Larga S. Marta, 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy, and Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Metallorganica e Analitica, Universita' di Padova, Via Marzolo,1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Galvez J. Zeroth-order solution and higher-order corrections for the CE mechanism in double potential step techniques. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(97)00423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alden JA, Compton RG. A General Method for Electrochemical Simulations. 2. Application to the Simulation of Steady-State Currents at Microdisk Electrodes: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp972336+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Voltammetry of polyprotic acids at platinum microelectrodes: reduction of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)05059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Steady state voltammetry at microelectrodes for the hydrogen evolution from strong and weak acids under pseudo-first and second order kinetic conditions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Galvez J. Theory of the EC′ electrode process in double potential step techniques. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ultramicroelectrodes in kinetic investigations supported by simulation. A review with some additional examples. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00431-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Carofiglio T, Magno F, Lavagnini I. Microelectrode voltammetry for studying host-guest complexation equilibria. An analysis of the possibilities of the method. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(94)03278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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