1
|
Mizuguchi M, Shibata A, Kasai M, Hoshino A. Genetic and environmental risk factors of acute infection-triggered encephalopathy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1119708. [PMID: 36761411 PMCID: PMC9902370 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1119708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute encephalopathy is a constellation of syndromes in which immune response, metabolism and neuronal excitation are affected in a variable fashion. Most of the syndromes are complex disorders, caused or aggravated by multiple, genetic and environmental risk factors. Environmental factors include pathogenic microorganisms of the antecedent infection such as influenza virus, human herpesvirus-6 and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, valproate and theophylline. Genetic factors include mutations such as rare variants of the SCN1A and RANBP2 genes, and polymorphisms such as thermolabile CPT2 variants and HLA genotypes. By altering immune response, metabolism or neuronal excitation, these factors complicate the pathologic process. On the other hand, some of them could provide promising targets to prevent or treat acute encephalopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Pediatrics, National Rehabilitation Center for Children With Disabilities, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Masashi Mizuguchi,
| | - Akiko Shibata
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Brain Development and Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kasai
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Citizens Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ai Hoshino
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Neuropediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Indo Y. NGF-dependent neurons and neurobiology of emotions and feelings: Lessons from congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:1-16. [PMID: 29407522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NGF is a well-studied neurotrophic factor, and TrkA is a receptor tyrosine kinase for NGF. The NGF-TrkA system supports the survival and maintenance of NGF-dependent neurons during development. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder due to loss-of-function mutations in the NTRK1 gene encoding TrkA. Individuals with CIPA lack NGF-dependent neurons, including NGF-dependent primary afferents and sympathetic postganglionic neurons, in otherwise intact systems. Thus, the pathophysiology of CIPA can provide intriguing findings to elucidate the unique functions that NGF-dependent neurons serve in humans, which might be difficult to evaluate in animal studies. Preceding studies have shown that the NGF-TrkA system plays critical roles in pain, itching and inflammation. This review focuses on the clinical and neurobiological aspects of CIPA and explains that NGF-dependent neurons in the peripheral nervous system play pivotal roles in interoception and homeostasis of our body, as well as in the stress response. Furthermore, these NGF-dependent neurons are likely requisite for neurobiological processes of 'emotions and feelings' in our species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Indo
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto University Hospital, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Haga N, Kubota M, Miwa Z. Epidemiology of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV and V in Japan. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:871-4. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
4
|
Abstract
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis is a type IV hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, presenting early in life. This disorder results from defective neural crest differentiation with loss of the first-order afferent system, which is responsible for sensations of pain and temperature; a neuronal loss in the sympathetic ganglia is also present. A case of a 33-year-old patient with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis is presented. From the time of birth, he did not sweat and did not respond to painful stimuli, although unexplained bouts of fever were often observed in infancy; an extensive workup during childhood helped establish the diagnosis. Throughout childhood and adulthood, the patient presented multiple infections and fractures in various sites of his body, growth disturbances, and avascular necrosis, and Charcot arthropathies and joint dislocations mainly affected his elbow and hip joint. At the final follow-up, at the age of 33 years, he was found to be obese, with a limited social life. A Charcot elbow restricted the activity of his left upper limb, and the dislocated hips combined with the instability of the ankle joints limited the ambulation distance. A specific treatment protocol has not been established in the literature; the main principles that can be applied in patients with normal intelligence include training programs to prevent self-mutilation and accidental injuries and an early diagnosis and treatment of the infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tüysüz B, Bayrakli F, DiLuna ML, Bilguvar K, Bayri Y, Yalcinkaya C, Bursali A, Ozdamar E, Korkmaz B, Mason CE, Ozturk AK, Lifton RP, State MW, Gunel M. Novel NTRK1 mutations cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV: demonstration of a founder mutation in the Turkish population. Neurogenetics 2008; 9:119-25. [PMID: 18322713 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-008-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN IV), or congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by insensitivity to noxious stimuli, anhidrosis from deinnervated sweat glands, and delayed mental and motor development. Mutations in the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (NTRK1), a receptor in the neurotrophin signaling pathway phosphorylated in response to nerve growth factor, are associated with this disorder. We identified six families from Northern Central Turkey with HSAN IV. We screened the NTRK1 gene for mutations in these families. Microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on the Affymetrix 250K chip platform were used to determine the haplotypes for three families harboring the same mutation. Screening for mutations in the NTRK1 gene demonstrated one novel frameshift mutation, two novel nonsense mutations, and three unrelated kindreds with the same splice-site mutation. Genotyping of the three families with the identical splice-site mutation revealed that they share the same haplotype. This report broadens the spectrum of mutations in NTRK1 that cause HSAN IV and demonstrates a founder mutation in the Turkish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The recent increase in the frequency and intensity of killer heat waves across the globe has aroused worldwide medical attention to exploring therapeutic strategies to attenuate heat-related morbidity and/or mortality. Death due to heat-related illnesses often exceeds >50% of heat victims. Those who survive are crippled with lifetime disabilities and exhibit profound cognitive, sensory, and motor dysfunction akin to premature neurodegeneration. Although more than 50% of the world populations are exposed to summer heat waves; our understanding of detailed underlying mechanisms and the suitable therapeutic strategies have still not been worked out. One of the basic reasons behind this is the lack of a reliable experimental model to simulate clinical hyperthermia. This chapter describes a suitable animal model to induce hyperthermia in rats (or mice) comparable to the clinical situation. The model appears to be useful for studying the effects of heat-related illnesses on changes in various organs and systems, including the central nervous system (CNS). Since hyperthermia is often associated with profound brain dysfunction, additional methods to examine some crucial parameters of brain injury, e.g., blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and brain edema formation, are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sharma HS, Johanson CE. Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in hyperthermia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 162:459-78. [PMID: 17645933 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)62023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) in choroid plexus works with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in cerebral capillaries to stabilize the fluid environment of neurons. Dysfunction of either transport interface, i.e., BCSFB or BBB, causes augmented fluxes of ions, water and proteins into the CNS. These barrier disruptions lead to problems with edema and other compromised homeostatic mechanisms. Hyperthermic effects on BCSFB permeability and transport are not as well known as for BBB. However, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that elevated prostaglandin synthesis from fever/heat activation of cyclooxygenases (COXs) in the BCSFB promotes water and ion transfer from plasma to the ventricles; this harmful fluid movement into the CSF-brain interior can be attenuated by agents that inhibit the COXs. Moreover, new functional data from our laboratory animal model indicate that the BCSFB (choroidal epithelium) and the CSF-bordering ependymal cells are vulnerable to whole body hyperthermia (WBH). This is evidenced from the fact that rats subjected to 4h of heat stress (38 degrees C) showed a significant increase in the translocation of Evans blue and (131)Iodine from plasma to cisternal CSF, and manifested blue staining of the dorsal surface of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus. Degeneration of choroidal epithelial cells and underlying ependyma, a dilated ventricular space and damage to the underlying neuropil were frequent. A disrupted BCSFB is associated with a marked increase in edema formation in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, thalamus and hypothalamus. Taken together, these findings suggest that the breaching of the BCSFB in hyperthermia significantly contributes to cell and tissue injuries in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Institute of Surgical Sciences, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The hereditary sensory neuropathies, also known as the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. As they are not as common as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, they do not receive the same level of attention, but there have been major advances in the identification of the causative genes in the past decade. Certain forms of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, especially hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I, which has minimal autonomic involvement and is more accurately termed hereditary sensory neuropathy type I, can present in a very similar fashion to certain forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2B, see below), and therefore it is important that clinicians who regularly manage patients with neuropathy are familiar with the latest developments in the hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies. This review will concentrate on the recent genetic advances in hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, and especially on those forms that overlap clinically with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, hence the title of the review 'Hereditary sensory neuropathies' rather than hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Houlden H, King RHM, Hashemi-Nejad A, Wood NW, Mathias CJ, Reilly M, Thomas PK. A novel TRK A (NTRK1) mutation associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type V. Ann Neurol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|